ARCH 329
History and Culture of Cyprus: A Survey on its Cultural Heritage
Online Course (3-0)3

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Netice YILDIZ

Eastern Mediterranean University – Faculty of Architecture

Course Objective

Cyprus exhibits a rather rich and variety of cultural heritage both in material culture as well as in its folklore. The course aims to teach the cultural heritage of North Cyprus to students studying in the Faculty of Architecture as well as in other faculties. The course will try to analyse the way of living, customs and traditions, religious ideas and practices of each society as well as the political problems of those people who lived in Cyprus in each period. The instructor of the course has been teaching a course on the History of Cypriot Civilizations and writing and presenting papers on various aspects on the art history of Cyprus at EMU for several years. There is already a web page on the subject she has prepared with the kind help of the Computer Engineering Department for the use of students as well as for the representation of Cyprus culture. Now, through the online course she aims to teach a course presenting several aspects of the civilizations as well as the cultural heritage and folklore of Cyprus to a larger number of students. And a new presentation will be done for this course by broadening the subject to understand the rich mosaic of culture of Cyprus. The course therefore will aim to give a general history for the existing material culture of the island in the form of art, architecture, language, literature and folklore of Cyprus together with the important historical and political events from prehistoric times until today.

Course Outline: The topics for the course are arranged under 12 Lectures. Students are expected to read each part during a week from the beginning of the academic semester. Students could pass to the second part only if they would answer the quiz questions given at the end of each lecture.

Lecture 1: Introduction

This part will explain the aim of the course: "This course is a study of the cultural history of Cyprus through the centuries: The first few lectures will try to explain the meaning of 'civilization' and the beginning of civilization in the world, as well as in Cyprus by answering the questions such as 'What is history of civilization?' and 'What is the part of Cyprus in this subject?' and 'who were the civilized human beings' or 'when is the first civilized society lived on the world or in Cyprus?'. Within the introductory subjects the following topics will be discussed.

1. Sources for the history of Cyprus

2. 2. A brief chronology for the history of Cyprus

Pictures and maps will be included

Lecture 2: Cyprus - an Island in Mediterranean Sea: Its Geographical Condition and Natural History

This part of the course will introduce the development of Cypriot civilizations in time as compared with its neighboring countries and other parts of the world. The following chronology will be followed during the lectures, which is mainly divided into two main parts:

1. Ancient Ages.

2. Modern Ages.

This lecture will deal with the geographical condition and its importance in the world's history. We will talk about the natural history of the island. This is introduced in a comparative way with contemporary sources as well as historical remains which will show an interesting method for the determining of the flora and fauna by careful analysis of the art objects such as ceramics or paintings as well as the remains discovered in archaeological excavations particularly in cemeteries as gifts given to the dead.

Lecture 3:The Beginning of Civilization in Cyprus: Stone Ages: Neolithic I-II

The inhabitants of the stone ages of Cyprus beginning with Neolithic will be introduced with the help of slide projection arranged on the web-page. A video show about the Neolithic Age will be arrange for the students in the seminar room of the Faculty of Architecture during the 3rd and 4th weeks of the lecture in late afternoon during the classroom hours assigned for this course.

Quiz questions for Lecture 3 Lecture 4: Chalcolithic Age in Cyprus

The Chalcolithic Age is the time when there is the first metal technology started in some parts of Near East. Although this is not a really metal producing period of Cyprus, its art, which shows unique characteristics as well as its architecture will be the topic of this lecture. We will also discuss the importance of the 'theme' of magic in the art of the prehistoric times

Lecture 5: Early and Middle Bronze Age (Cypriot Ages) in Cyprus

Bronze Age, one of the most important periods which has original art creations that mainly have Cypriot character, will follow. The life and culture during the Early, Middle Ages but mainly the ceramics that reflect the happiness, joy and humor of their creators will be studied in detail. For the architectural developments we will try to emphasize on the remains of Enkomi and cemeteries at Karmi, Nitovikla and Kirni Fortresses which are in Northern Cyprus.

Lecture 6: Late Bronze Age (Cypriot Ages) in Cyprus

Bronze Age, one of the most important periods which has original art creations that mainly have Cypriot character, will follow. The life and culture during the Late Bronze Age but mainly the ceramics that reflect the happiness, joy and humor of their creators will be studied in detail.

Lecture 7: Iron Age in Cyprus

The art, culture and political happenings of the Iron Age periods will be discussed. Iron Age period can be divided as 1- Cypro-Geometric, 2- Archaic and 3- Classic periods

Lecture 8: Hellenistic (Ptolemeus) and Roman Periods in Cyprus

The last phase of the ancient period is Hellenistic and Roman Cyprus . Our examples would include the pictures and plans of the Royal Tombs, Cellerga of Salamis, Vouni Palace, St. Barnabas Ceramic Museum as well as Salamis antique city. The connections of the island with important civilizations such as the Assyrians, Egyptians, Hittites and other Anatolian as well as Aegean civilizations will explain the impact of different cultures on the formation of the culture of the island.

Lecture 9: Modern Ages: Late Roman and Early Christian Period in Cyprus Medieval Cyprus: Crusaders an Lusignan Kingdom in Cyprus

Modern Periods in Cyprus: The Historical facts and the evolution of its culture and art during the last period of the Roman Empire and the early encounter of the island with the Jewish and Christian religions as well as Islam will be given in this part. Detailed slides on St. Barnabas will introduce us with the beginning of the Modern era as well. The icons in St. Barnabas will instruct us for the early conversion of Cyprus to Christianity. We will talk about the Jewish revolts and introduction of Christianity to Cyprus and the last period of the Roman as well as the Byzantine rule in Cyprus. We will also talk about the Islamic raids to Cyprus and the importance of Hala Sultan and some other holy Islamic shrines on the island. Slides will give more idea about Hala Sultan Tomb and Tekke as well as Hz. Ömer Tekke and Kirklar Tekke.

Medieval Cyprus: Our topics will cover the Medieval and Later Cyprus under Richard I of England and the Lusignan Dynasty as well as other Crusaders and the contacts of Cyprus with the Islamic world and Anatolia during this era. The magnificent Gothic monuments of the medieval Cyprus will be the most important part of our subjects. We will also try to compare the Cypriot Gothic with the universal Gothic style

Lecture 10: Venetian and The Ottoman Rules in Cyprus

The beginning of the Venetian period in Cyprus and their magnificent military architectural heritage will be given during the course. We will talk about Catherina Cornaro, the last Queen of the Lusignans together with a series of slides to reflect this beautiful Queen whose portraits were painted by several well known Renaissance artists. Our topic will also try to explain the Venetian military architecture in Renaissance style on the island, which created important monuments which still retains their importance to keep safer during the war time. Some Venetian architects as well as the rumors for the visit of Michelangelo to the island will also be dealt in this topic.

The conquest of the island by the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Turkish civilization on the island will be talked during the course. The topic will cover the historical descriptions of the conquest as well as the Turkish institutions established on the island. The art and architecture of Turkish period will also be introduced in this topic.

Lecture 11: British Colonial Rule in Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus Contemporary Turkish Art and Folklore of Cyprus

The political happenings that led the island to become a British Colony in the 20th century and the survival struggles of the Turkish society during until 1960 and later will be talked. The colonial and postcolonial architecture will be given in this topic. Also, the law of antiquities and the establishment of the museums will be talked. We will try to explain very briefly the reason that led to the splitting of the island and foundation of Northern Cyprus as our final remark on the political issues of the island.

Contemporary Turkish artist will be our final topic. The folk art such as basket making, embroideries and typical Cypriot food and folk dancing of Cyprus will be included to this part also.

Final Remarks

Final remarks and more detailed questions will be answered. If necessary, additional notes will be included to the web page or through e-mail.

Course Conduct: This is a distant learning course under EMU Online Program conducted in cooperation between Faculty of Architecture and the newly established Institute for Distant Learning. Student registered to the course are not having regular class meetings as it has been done in the other courses. All lecture material will be presented as web pages arranged chronologically as parts of the subject. Students are expected to read each part and answer the quiz at the end of the course according to the time schedule given above. All quizzes must be submitted electronically through e-mail to the instructor. Student who omitted to answer the quiz questions will not be able to pass to the upper level of the course. Since students will not be attending classes for the course, they are expected to organize themselves to follow the course. This may be a bit difficult at the beginning. Therefore quiz questions will act like a regulator for the students. Students may ask me questions on the topics through e-mail or visiting me at my office hours or on chat programs during the office hour assigned for this course. A term paper will be assigned for the course during the course of the semester. As a rule, you should submit this assignment electronically (e.g. e-mail) on or before the due date. But sometimes due to the problems that may arise with the number of images, you might be expected to submit your assignments as hard copies. There will be one mid-term exam and a final exam. You are expected to be present in the classroom and take these exams during the exam periods announced by the university administration. Grades of the exams will be posted on the web page. Make-up exam is given only on the condition that the student would bear a very reasonable excuse. Several sources will be used for the presenting of the subject. Also, pictures and video films shot on the spot will be included to the course. Some material for those places which were not visited for photography as well as art objects that are not available in North Cyprus Museums have been copied from some books and other links but we were rather careful to cite the sources of these copied material.

This is a distant learning course conducted through the internet The requirement for the course is to have access to the Internet either at home or at PC labs. Only students who are registered to on-line course will be able to get to the web-page by a password given to them. A term paper will be assigned for the course. Students registered to this course will be given a password after registration to the course. It will be possible to use the Faculty computer laboratories as well as those in Computer Engineering Department. Computer Engineering Department will allow you to study in their labs after 5.00 p.m. on bearing your ID card.

Recommended Text Books:

Web page material on the course prepared by N. YILDIZ

Hanworth, Rosamond (1992). The Heritage of North Cyprus, Lefko_a. (Printed by TRNC, Ministry of Tourism

Recommended Reading List:
Books where the original material was prepared: (given in alphabetical order)

Ba_i_kan, Tuncer (1993). "Ana Tanriça Kültünün Kibris Folklorundaki Izleri Üzerine Bir Deneme", Pygmalion, Issue: 1, Ki_ (winter).

Behçet, Hasan (1969). Kibris Türk Maarif Tarihi, Lefko_a.

Brown, A. C. - Brown, H. W.Catling (1987). Ancient Cyprus, Ashmolean Museum, London.

Buchholz, Hans-Günter - Karageorghis,Vassos (1973). Prehistoric Greece and Cyprus, New York.

Casson, Lionel ([1974] 1994). Travel in the Ancient World, London. Cobham, C. D. (ed.) ([1908],1986). Excerpta Cypria, Materials for a History of Cyprus, London.

Efthimiou, Miltiades B. (1987). Greeks and Latins on Cyprus in the Thirteenth Century, Massachusettes.

Gazio_lu, Ahmet Cemal, (1990). The Ottoman Turks in Cyprus, London.

Gunnis, Rupert ([1936] 1973). Historic Cyprus, Nicosia.

Hill, George (1949-1952). A History of Cyprus, Cambridge, Volumes 1-4.

Jennings, Ronald C. (1993). Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, (1571-1640), New York.

Luke, Sir Harry ([1921] 1989). Cyprus Under the Turks 1571-1878, Nicosia.

Luke, Sir Harry ([1937] 1973). Cyprus, A Portrait and an Appreciation, London.

Maier, F. G. and Karageorghis, Vassos (1984). Paphos, History and Archaeology, Nicosia.

Mear, Hüray (1992). Kibris Türk Toplumunda Do_um, Evlenme ve Ölüm _le _lgili Adet ve _nani_lar, KKTC.

Morris, Desmond (1985). The Art of Ancient Cyprus, (Phaidon Press) London.

Spiteris, Tony (1970). The Art of Cyprus, (Weidenfeld & Nicholson), London.

Tatton-Brown, Veronica (1987). Ancient Cyprus, (British Museum Publications), London.

Yildiz, Netice (1994). "Tarihi Çevre", (Historical Environment), KKTC'de Çevre Sorunlari Sempozyumu, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi, Lefko_a, 17-18 _ubat 1994, Lefko_a, pp.197-206.

Yildiz, Netice (1995) "Osmanli Dönem'i Kibris Türk Mimarisi ve Sanati", 9. Uluslararasi Türk Sanatlari Kongresi, Eylül, 1991, Ankara, III. Cilt.

Yildiz, Netice (1995). "Kibris'ta Müzecilik ve Kuzey Kibris Türk Müzeleri", II. Symposium of Museums and Museology, September, 1994, Proceedings of the Symposium, Military Museum, _stanbul, _stanbul, 1995, pp.158-161.

Yildiz, Netice (1995). "Kibris'ta Kapilarin Öyküsü - The Story of Doors in Cyprus", in Rauf Raif Denkta_, Kapilar - The Doors (A photograph album), Tunca Bank Kültür Yayini No:1, Kibris, pp.5-8.

Yildiz, Netice (1996). "Aqueducts in Cyprus", Journal For Cypriot Studies, Vol.: 2, Issue: 2, Spring, 1996, pp.89-112.

Yildiz, Netice (1997). "Turkish Culture Within the Conte<p>t of the Cypriot Cultural Heritage" Proceedings of the First International Congress on Cypriot Studies, Gazimagosa 20-23 November '96, Ed. By Emel Do_ramaci, William Haney, Güray Konig, Centre for Cypriot Studies, Eastern Mediterranean University, EMU Press 1997, pp.123-141.

Yildiz, Netice (1997). "Anadolu'dan Kibris'a Göç Eden Kibris Kadini", Bir, (Hoca Ahmed Yasevi Vakfi), No: 7, pp.179-200.

Yildiz, Netice (1998). "Ottoman Houses in Cyprus", Proceedings on the International Symposium on The Ottoman Houses, Papers from the Amasya Symposium, 24-27 September 1996, The British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara and the University of Warwick, BIAA Monographs 26, pp. 79-88 and pl. 10.1-8

Yildiz, Netice (1999). "Turkish Aqueducts in Cyprus", Turkish Art, 10th International Congress of Turkish Art" Proceedings, Géneve 17-23 Sept 1995, Fondation Max Berchem, Genevé, 1999 pp.775-784.

Yildiz, Netice (1999). "Illustrated Books and Manuscripts About Cyprus," 2nd International Congress For Cyprus Studies 24-27 November 1998. Ed. By _smail Bozkurt, Hüseyin Ate_in, M. Kansu, Eastern Mediterranean University, Centre For Cyprus Studies Publications, Gazima_usa, TRNC, Vol.1b, Papers Presented in English, Economics and Miscellaneous, pp. 639-661.

Yildiz, Netice (1999) "Gazima_usa Kültür Mirasinin Korunmasi ve Müzelerininde Ça_da_ bir Görünüme Kavu_masinda ICOMOS, ICCROM Gibi Kurumlarin Standartlari ile Uyum Sa_lamas&Mac245; _çin Bazi Öneriler", Gazima_usa Sempozyumu '99 25-28 October 1999, Gazima_usa, pp. 65-82

Yildiz, Netice "Kibris'ta Tarih Öncesinden Günümüze Kad&Mac245;n" Kad&Mac245;n / Woman 2000, Kad&Mac245;n Ara_tirmalari Dergisi DAÜ - KAEM /Journal for Woman Studies EMU - CWS), Cilt 1, Sayi 1, Haziran 2000, 79-116.

Yildiz, Netice – Toklu, Cengiz (2000). Assessment of the Gothic Monuments in North Cyprus for Conservation and Restoration”, Advances in Civil Engineering, 4th International Congress, 1-3 November 2000, Gazima_usa – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Vol. 1. pp. 185- 196.

Yildiz, Netice (2002) Kibris’ta Osmanli Kültür Mirasina Genel bir Baki_, Türkler, ed. Hasan Celal Güzel, Kemal Çiçek, Salim Koca. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Yayinlari, 21 Volumes, Vol.19, pp. 996-993.

Yildiz, Netice (2001). Portrait of Özden Selenge as an Artist, KADIN /WOMAN 2000, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 1-42.

Yildiz, Netice, Cyprus, (Lecture Notes) Webpage: http://www.emu.edu.tr/country/history/cyprus.htm Netice YILDIZ, History of Cypriot Civilizations.

Grading:

Mid-term exam: 20%

Quiz: 20%

Home-work: 20%

Final Exam: 40%