Introduction | Browse the Glossary | Acronyms for Reference Works | Transliteration Conventions

Last updated: 29 January 2020

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abhal

Fruit produce of a certain tree known as savin, juniper, or cypress (FN 2:1271–73; Lane, 268) (Ar.)

abara, ya’biru, ibār, ibārah

To fecundate a palm-tree by means of the spadix of the male tree, which is bruised, or brayed, and sprinkled upon the spadix of the female; or by inserting the stalk of a raceme of the male tree into the spathe of the female, after shaking off the pollen of the former upon the spadix of the female (Lane, 5) (Ar.)

Abū Jiʿrān

Dung beetle (Ar.)

açmak

To bloom, to blossom, to come into flower (R) (LEH) (Ot.)

adama

Soil; ground (Heb.)

admat trashim

Rocky land unfit for cultivation (Heb.)

afar

Earth, dirt (Heb.)

afarseq

Peach (Heb.)

afrang

Magnificence, grandeur, power; throne; crown; European, Frank, (STG) (Pers.)

ağaçlık

Full of trees, well wooded, dell, wood, woodland (R) (ARK) (KAM) (HAY) (MED) (TDK) (ARS) (Ot.)

agas

Pear (Heb.)

agdāl

Synonym of buhaira (Ar.)

aghbā (m), ghaybā’ (f)

Tangled, confused, or dense, as said of branches (see ghuṣn) and trees (see shajarah) (Lane, 2228) (Ar.)

aghlāth

Bitter plants (Ar.)

agromechanika

Care and maintenance of agricultural machinery (Heb.)

agronome

Agronomist (Heb.)

agronomia

Agronomy (Heb.)

agrotechnika

The variety of methods used to work a farm (Heb.)

aḥrār

Plants that can be eaten raw (Ar.)

akarut

Working the land; agriculture (Heb.)

akirah

Uprooting, extraction (Heb.)

alāchīq

Felt tents (STG) (Pers.)

aleh

Leaf; frond (Heb.)

alvah

Foliage (Heb.)

amṭā nahrā

Fungus that grows under the sand primarily (FN 1:604–7) (Syr.)

anaf

Branch, frond, sprig (Heb.)

anāristān

Pomegranate garden (STG) (Pers.)

anbarbārīs [shajart al-]

Barberries (FN 1:163–65) (Ar.)

anbūbah, anābīb

Pipe (Ar.)

anīsh

Small garden; vineyard (STG) (Pers.)

andarūnī

Internal (STG) (Pers.)

angūristān

Vineyard (STG) (Pers.)

araya

Fruit harvest (Heb.)

arḍ

soil, earth (Ar.)

ardībihish

Second Persian month, mid-spring, April; the third day of every month, which the Persians celebrated with a festival; the angel who presides over the mountains (STG) (Pers.)

arḍı̄yābā

A Mesopotamian plant, the leaves of which are similar to the leaves of salq, though it is uncertain whether this is synonymous with the contemporary identification of salq with chard (FN 1:556) (Syr.)

arı̄ṣārūnā

a Mesopotamian plant that grows wild in the desert, the leaves of which are similar to the small leaves of the ḥummuṣ plant (Syr.)

armut

Pear (Ot.)

arsa

Courtyard within a house, unbuilt space (classical Arabic); irrigated garden smaller than an agdal (Ar.)

arugah

Flowerbed (Heb.)

asārūn

Mesopotamian plant primarily found in the wild but which had been partly adapted for gardens (FN 1:633–34) (Syr.)

asb

Horse (STG) (Pers.)

asbris

Course; race ground; open space; running place for horses; hippodrome; polo field; unit of measure of distance equal to what a person could cover between the first ray of sun and the appearance of the whole disc (experimentally measured between 147 m and 185 m) (STG) (Pers.)

asis

Nectar (Heb.)

assif

Grain harvest (Heb.)

aṣl (pl. uṣūl)

Base of plant (Ar.)

ashjār

Plants including shrubs and trees (S.B) (Urdu)

aşı

Grafting, budding; scion, graft, bud (put into the stock) (R) (NA) (Ot.)

aşı kalemi

Cutting used for grafting, scion (R) (HAY) (Ot.)

aşılama

To graft, bud (R) (TDK) (KAM) (HAY) (Ot.)

atraj [shajarat al-]

Citron tree (FN 1:178–82; Ibn Mammātī, 82) (Ar.)

atūnı̄shāthā

A plant, possibly Indian origin, brought to Mesopotamia (bābil), the seeds of which are larger than that of saljam (rapeseed) and the flowers yellow as that of the saljam plant (FN 1:534–55) (Syr.)

atzhitz

Flowerpot, planter (Heb.)

avatiyakh

Watermelon (Heb.)

avodath adama

Agriculture, working the land (Heb.)

avoq

Spreading of powder (Heb.)

awrang

Throne; glory; heaven (STG) (Pers.)

a’yin

Fountain, natural source of water (Heb.)

ays

Woodland (FED) (Ot.)

ayvān

Sofa; portico, open gallery, veranda; balcony on the top of a house, for the benefit of the view and fresh air; palace; the heavens; ayvān-i zarkārī sphere of the moon; ayvān-i māh heaven of this world (STG) (Pers.)

ayvān-i kasrā

kisrā, from Pahlavi Chosroes (STG) (Pers.)

azādarakht [shajarat al-], also arzdarakht

China tree, paradise tree, melia (FN 1:167–68; Wehr, 15) (Ar.)

azhār

Flowers; flowering, blossoming (STG) (Pers.)

āb

Water; river; prosperity, power, glory. The word is often used in compounds and metaphorical expressions (STG) (Pers.)

āb afshān

āb + afshān (in comp.) dispersing, scattering, diffusing (STG) (Pers.)

āb anbār

āb + anbār pond, reservoir (STG) (Pers.)

āb bāra

āb + bāra aqueduct; an elevated structure of masonry used for the conveyance of water from place to place (Pers.)

āb guẕar

Canal, channel for water (STG) (Pers.)

āb khīz

Spring, issue of water; springy ground, where water is found after digging a little depth; canal, aqueduct (STG) (Pers.)

āb khvur

Lake, pool, ditch; fountainhead; watering place on a riverbank (STG) (Pers.)

āb namā

āb + namā (showing) a shallow water basin usually in front of a building in gardens (Pers.)

āb pāshān

Name of a Persian festival, on which occasion one sprinkles rose water on his neighbor (STG) (Pers.)

āb pakhshān

āb + bakhsh or pakhsh (division). The word bakhsh as well as the term bāgh, “garden,” derive from the same root bagh, meaning “partition.” (Pers.)

āb rāh

Canal, conduit, pipe, aqueduct, watercourse, channel of a river, any place through which water flows (STG) (Pers.)

āb rāha

Watercourse (STG) (Pers.)

āb rīzān

Name of the thirteenth day of the month of Tir. Recalls the sudden rainfall, after many years of drought, at the prayer of the assembled people, who in their joy sprinkled each other with water (STG) (Pers.)

āb rīzgān

Festival celebrated on the thirteenth day of the month of Tir, during which people visit each other and sprinkle orange blossom, rose, or pure water on one another (STG) (Pers.)

āb rasānī

āb + rasānī to cause to arrive, convey, carry and deliver (STG) (Pers.)

āb yārī

Irrigation, to irrigate; āb yārī kardan to water fields (STG) (Pers.)

ābād

City, building, habitation; cultivated, peopled, full of buildings and inhabitants. When added to a noun it denotes a city or place of abode (STG) (Pers.)

ābād kardan

To cultivate, render delightful, improve, recreate, refresh (STG) (Pers.)

ābān

Eight month of Persian year, during which the sun continues in Scorpio; tenth day of any Persian month; name of a certain angel, whom the pagan Persians supposed to preside over iron and over the actions performed during the month or on the day above mentioned (STG) (Pers.)

ābāngāh

Tenth day of the month of Farvardin; name of an angel said to preside over water (STG) (Pers.)

āb-dih

Splendor-giving (STG) (Pers.)

āb-e-ravān

Flowing water (F.U.E.D) (C.C) (Urdu)

āb-e-hayāt

Elixir of life (F.U.E.D) (B.S) (Urdu)

āb-i barīn

Bank of a river constantly being undermined by its current (STG) (Pers.)

ābdān

Vessel holding water; cistern, or any reservoir of water, such as a lake, ditch, or bath (STG); pond, lake, confluence of water (JNS) (Pers.)

ābgah

Watering place, cistern, reservoir (STG) (Pers.)

ābgīna

Glass; the heavens (STG) (Pers.)

ābgina khānah

Greenhouse, room hung with mirrors; the first and second heavens (STG) (Pers.)

ābgir

Large water body; lake (S.N) (Urdu)

ābgīr

Any hollow place where water collects or stagnates; pool, pond, ditch (STG) (Pers.)

ābishkhvur

Cistern, watering place, reservoir; riverbed; fountainhead; lot, portion (STG) (Pers.)

ābsāl

Garden (STG) (Pers.)

ābsālān

Garden (STG) (Pers.)

ābshār

Cascade of water (Tadhkira) (Urdu)

ābshār

Waterfall, cataract (STG) (Pers.)

ābshīb

Waterfall (Pers.)

ābyār

Waterer, sprinkler, irrigator, irrigation (STG) (Pers.)

ādhriyūn

Marigold (FN 1:137–38) (Ar.)

āfāh (pl. āfāt)

Disease, illness, affliction (see also Ar. maraḍ and suqm) (Ar.)

āpādānā

Loggia supported by columns or great columned room (Pers.)

ārāmgāh

Place of rest; tomb, mausoleum (STG) (Pers.)

ārāmgāh

Bedchamber; resting or halting place (F.D) (SN) (Urdu)

ārāstan

To adorn, decorate, embellish, to set in order; gul ārāstan to adorn with flowers (gul) (STG) (Pers.)

ās [shajarat al-]

Myrtle (FN 1:142–47) (Ar.)

āshkūy

Palace; upper room; elevated place (STG) (Pers.)

āyina khānah

Loggia or room in which the columns and part of the walls and ceilings are covered with small pieces of glass (CST); āyina glass + khānah house (Pers.)

āyinakāri

Decorative mirrors (STG) (Pers.)

āzhgan

Latticed door, lattices (STG) (Pers.)

bachir

The first fruit to ripen (Heb.)

bad

Enclosure, hedge, fence (TRM) (Ot.)

badıralan

Garden or vineyard without walls (TRM) (Ot.)

bağ

Vineyard, garden, orchard (R) (NA) (ARS) (TDK) (KAM) (Ot.)

bağ aralamak

To prune the vines (R) (TRM) (Ot.)

bağ ayıtlamak

To prune a vineyard, to prune (MEN) (Ot.)

bağ bahçe

Vineyards and orchards (R) (TDK) (Ot.)

bağ bozumu

Vintage (R); autumn (TRM) (Ot.)

bağ budaması

To prune a vineyard (R) (TRM) (Ot.)

bağ çapası

Hoe, mattock (TRM) (Ot.)

bağ çırpmak

To prune, to trim the vine (TRM) (Ot.)

bağ çubuğu

Vine shoot, vine cutting (R) (TDK) (TRM) (KUB) (Ot.)

bağ depmek

To dig, to fork, to grub, and to spade a garden or vineyard (TRM) (Ot.)

bağ-ı cennet

Garden of paradise (R) (TÜR) (Ot.)

bağ makası

Pruning shears (TRM) (Ot.)

bağ-ı adn

The garden of Eden (R) (Ot.)

bağ-ı cinan

Garden of paradise (R) (NA) (RIZ) (Ot.)

bağ-ı dehr

The garden of the world (R) (YED) (Ot.)

bağ-ı İrem

Garden of Iram (R); the mythical gardens said to have been made in Damascus or Yemen alike paradise (YED) (KUB) (Ot.)

bağcı

Grape grower (R); vine grower, “viticulturist.” (TRM) (Ot.)

bağcı bıçağı

Pruning knife (TRM) (Ot.)

bağça

Synonym of çimen; meadow, lawn, turf, orchard (MEN) (Ot.)

bağçe

Synonym of bahçe; garden, small vineyard (R) (MED) (DGA) (TRM) (KUB); garden where vegetables and flowers are grown (ATI) (Ot.)

bağçevan

Synonym of bağcıvan; gardener (R) (MED) (OSM) (KAM) (DGA) (MÜK) (KUB) (Ot.)

bagh

Ditch (Z. bagho); name of an idol; a god; baghdād God-given, in the composition of names (STG) (Pers.)

baghistān

bagh god + istān place (Pers.)

bağıstan

Garden, vineyard, orchard (OTS) (OSM) (MED) (Ot.)

bağlık

Place with vineyards, piece of ground suitable for a vineyard; tract with many vineyards (R) (TDK) (TRM) (KUB) (TEM) (Ot.)

bağlık bahçelik

Place with many vineyards and gardens (TDK) (MED) (KUB) (Ot.)

bahār

Spring season. In classical literature, various seasons in a garden are associated with appropriate moods. For example, khiza’n (autumn) was associated with sadness and bahar (spring) with happiness and prosperity. This is expressed for instance in Bāgh-o-bahār tabiyat (jovial nature) and dil bāgh bāgh ho jana (being happy) (F.U.E.D) (C. C) (Urdu)

bahār

Spring, beginning of summer; blossom; bahār-i nārinj orange flower; Buddhist temple; idol, the harem of a prince; species of odoriferous herb; anything beautiful and splendid; bahār afshān scattering blossoms; bahārān spring; bahār band airy house inhabited in springtime; a place where horses are tied up in spring; bahār khāna any high building (Pers.)

bahār (pl. bahārāt)

Spice (Ar.)

bahārkhvāb

The text refers to the bahārkhvāb of the Khvaju bridge in Isfahan. That place was unique, as it had a better view and was cooler than the arcades above the bridge and the terraces below the arches (Pers.)

bahar açmak

To blossom (NA) (HAY) (Ot.)

bahçe

Garden, park (R) (NA); vegetable garden, kitchen garden, place where flowers and trees are grown (TDK) (OSM); place where flowers, trees, and vegetables are grown (ARK); place where flowers, trees with or without fruits, and vegetables are grown, usually adjacent to a house; same as ravza, bağ, firdevs, bostan: çiçek bahçesi, sebze bahçesi (KAM); small vineyard; place where flowers and vegetables are grown, park (MED); (Ottoman bağçe, ravza, hadīka) (ARS); enclosed place where flowers, trees and vegetables are grown (TRM) (TEM) (RTK) (YTL) (VLD) (KUB) (Ot.)

bahçe

Synonym of bahça, bağçe; garden, park (R) (NA) (Ot.)

bahçe aletleri

Garden tools (TRM) (Ot.)

bahçe avlu

Court garden, courtyard garden; courtyard where there are lawn and flower beds; in cloisters, hospital, or jails, uncovered garden for patients or prisoners to get fresh air and to walk, surrounded with buildings (ARS) (Ot.)

bahçe avlusu

Garden yard, a courtyard with lawn and flower beds in the middle (TRM) (Ot.)

bahçe çapası

Hoe, mattock (TRM) (Ot.)

bahçe evi

Small summer house in the vineyards (TRM) (Ot.)

bahçe köşkü

Garden pavilion (NA) (Ot.)

bahçe makası

Pruning shears (NA) (KUB) (Ot.)

bahçe tarağı

Rake to put the garden soil in order (TRM) (Ot.)

bahçe tırmığı

Rake, a tool with iron teeth to clear the soil off stones and litter (TRM) (Ot.)

bahçecilik

Horticulture, gardening (MED) (KAM) (TDK); the art of gardening (TRM); growing every kind of plants such as vegetables, young plants, fruits (KUB); making and growing gardens (TEM) (Ot.)

bahçeli kent

Garden city, a city enclosed with a green belt (ÇEV) (Ot.)

bahçelik

Place full of gardens (R); place for vineyards and gardens (TDK); a place with many gardens (KAM); (HAY); a place with many gardens, a place suitable to make garden (MED); full of gardens or a place suitable to make garden (TRM); a place full of gardens (RTK) (VLD) (KUB) (Ot.)

bahçıvan

Gardener (R) (NA) (TDK) (KAM) (HAY) (MED) (LEH); Gardener, “horticulturist.” (Ot.)

bahçıvan bıçağı

Pruning shears (TRM) (Ot.)

bahçıvan tarağı

Rake (R) (ARS) (Ot.)

bahāristān

Springtime, green place with many flowers; spring, place of verdure and blossom (R) (NA) (FED) (OSM) (KUB) (Ot.)

bak

Retreat, asylum; forest, wild uncultivated country (STG) (Pers.)

balaḥ

Date (Ibn Mammātı̄, 82; Lane, 246; Wehr, 87) (Ar.)

balça

Garden (RİZ) (Ot.)

ballūṭ [shajarat al-]

Oak (FN 1:640–41; FN 2:1182–83) (Ar.)

ban

Garden, sown field; harvest; van Persian turpentine seed (STG) (Pers.)

banafsha zār

Banafsha pūsh covered or adorned with violets (STG) (Pers.)

banafsaj

Violet (FN 1:111–26; Ibn Mammātı̄, 82) (Ar.)

band

Dam, dike, or any enclosure of water (STG) (Pers.)

bandāb

Dyke, embankment; island (STG) (Pers.)

banj

Henbane (Ar.)

banjar

Beet, sugar beet (see also Ot. pancar) (Ar.)

bao’li/wain

Step well, the descent to the brink of which is by long flights of steps with landings and covered chambers where travelers may rest during the heat of the day (F.U.E.D) (B.N) (S.N) (Urdu)

baql (pl. buqūl)

Kind of herbs; potherbs (Ar.)

baqmāhah

The litter or organic remnant/detritus (see ithr) of flax, (Ibn Mammātı̄, 202) (Ar.)

barādari

Open pavilion constructed either of brick, marble, or red sandstone. This term seems to be of recent origin as it is not found in Mughal sources. It may be a corruption of the term baran dar aaien (to enter in the rain) (F.D) (T.A.L) (Urdu)

bara

Cut or uproot trees (Heb.)

baram

Trellis (STG) (Pers.)

barbakh (pl. barābikh)

Waterpipe, drain, canal, sewer (Ar.)

barı

To shelter, to protect (R); garden wall, fence (TDK) (KAM); garden or courtyard wall (ZAN) (Ot.)

barınak

Shelter, refuge (R) (Ottoman melce); penthouse, open shed in the gardens and in the streets to shelter from rain and sun (ARS) (Ot.)

barm

Reservoir for rainwater (STG) (Pers.)

barsam

Rods of a span in length used by the fire-worshipers in their ceremonies (STG) (Pers.)

barsam Ḥijāzī (also barsı̄m)

Lucerne, alfalfa (see also fiṣfiṣah) (Ar.)

barsı̄m (Ar.)

Clover (see also nafal) (Ar.)

barshāwushān

Maiden’s hair (FN 1:60) (Ar.)

barsh naqā

An Egyptian phrase used to described earth that has become bereft of any organic litter or remnant (see ithr) that was incorporated into the soil the previous year; untended or fallow land (Ar.)

barwīyah

The litter or organic remnant/detritus (see ithr) of wheat and barley (Ibn Mammātī, 201) (Ar.)

basāk

Garland of flowers (STG) (Pers.)

basāt

Extensive (tract of country); anything spread out; carpet; bedding; the earth (STG) (Pers.)

basfāyaj, basbāyaj

Polypodium vulgare (FN 1:290; Ibn Baytar, 1:135) (Ar.)

basha

A general name for weeds growing among cultivated plants and impeding their growth (Heb.)

bashmalah [shajarat al-]

Loquat tree (Ar.)

baṣal

Onion (FN 1:565–72) (Ar.)

baṭı̄kh

Watermelon (Ibn Mammātī, 82) (Ar.)

bazmgāh

Banqueting house (STG) (Pers.)

bābūnaj

Camomile (see uqḥuwān) (Ar.)

bādiyah

Desert, desolate steppe; wasteland (Ar.)

bādhrūj

Lemon balm; sweet basil or lemon basil (FN 2:775–79; Dozy Supplément 1:47–48) (Ar.)

bāgh

Generally refers to an orchard with or without fence or wall. When a bagh is a formal garden it is enclosed by a diwar (wall), and when it belongs to a qasr (palace gardens) it is enclosed by a hisār (fortification wall). It includes orchards such as bādāmi bāgh (the garden of almonds), and anguri bāgh (the garden of grapes or vineyard). In literary texts bāgh appears as both a prime and ancillary source of imagery of nature. As a poetic image, it stands for order and beauty, the mythical link between man and nature, heaven and earth. When used in Persian literature it refers comprehensively to all the natural wonders within a garden (B.N) (F.U.E.D) (B.S) (Urdu)

bāgh

Garden; vineyard; the world; face of the beloved (STG) (Pers.).

bāgh-i iram

Name of the fabulous gardens, said to have been devised by Shaddād in emulation of the gardens of paradise (STG) (Pers.)

bāgh-i quds

The firmament; paradise (STG) (Pers.)

bāgh-i rafi'

The firmament; paradise (STG) (Pers.)

bāgh-i sakhā

The firmament; paradise (STG) (Pers.)

bāgh-i takht

Terrace; bāgh garden + takht throne (Pers.)

bāgh-i vasi'

The firmament; paradise (STG) (Pers.)

bāghbān

Gardener (F.D) (B.K) (Urdu)

bāghbān

Gardener; vine dresser (STG) (Pers.)

bāghbāni

Care of a garden, horticulture; bāghbāni numūdan to keep or dress a garden, to practice horticulture (STG) (Pers.)

bāghcha

Small garden, a garden (STG) (Pers.)

bāghcha

Small garden or orchard usually associated with residences (F.U.E.D) (B.N) (Urdu)

bāghcha bandī

Ornamental gardening; bāghcha bandī kardan to lay out in flowerbeds (STG) (Pers.)

bāghistān

Land of gardens (B.S.) (Urdu)

bāghistān

Vineyard; palace park; gardens and vineyards surrounding a town (STG) (Pers.)

bālākhānah

Upper chamber, gallery, or balcony on top of the house; parlor (STG) (Pers.)

bāmyah

Okra (qināwīyah in Tunisia and Algeria; mulūḫīyah in Morocco, not to be confused with Egyptian mulūḫīyah, i.e., Jew’s mallow); also known in Hebrew as bamyah (Arabic and Ottoman Turkish)

bāq

The litter or organic remnant/detritus (see ithr) of a type of Egyptian leek known as qirṭ, the legume known as qaṭṭānı̄, and the maqātī (translation unknown), and which is known for being one of the best such materials for cultivating wheat and flax (Ibn Mammātī, 201) (Ar.)

bāqillā

Beans (Ar.)

bār

Fruit, flowers, blossom; court, assembly; curtain at the door of a pavilion; bār dādan to grant an audience; bār-i ‘ām public audience (STG) (Pers.)

bārū

Wall, rampart, bulwark, fortification; fort; tower; battlements, embrasures (STG) (Pers.)

bār-i cām

Public audience (STG) (Pers.)

bāra

Walls, fortifications, anything which divides or separates two objects; bāra-yi nuhum the ninth heaven (STG) (Pers.)

bārgāh

Place of leave or admission applied to ambassadors and supplicants, i.e. the king’s court, palace, tent, tribunal, audience hall (STG) (Pers.)

b'chira

The first rains of the season (Heb.)

behisht

A paradise (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

belleme

To dig over with a fork or spade (R) (ZAN) (Ot.)

ber

Well (Heb.)

berçin

Walled garden, walled field (TRM) (Ot.)

berhūn

Hedge, fence (FED) (OSM) (Ot.)

beshola

Ripe fruit (Heb.)

besātīn

Gardens (R); vegetable gardens, melon gardens, kitchen gardens (FED) (ATI) (LEH) (Ot.)

beyūn

Synonym of bāin; large well (FED) (Ot.)

bihisht

Paradise; heaven; bihisht zār place like heaven (STG) (Pers.)

bikurim

The first fruits that were presented in the Temple on the holiday of Shavu’ot (Pentecost) (Heb.)

bi’r, bīr (pl. ābār)

Well (Ar.)

birka

Reservoir of water, pond, pool, ditch (STG) (Pers.)

bisārah

Bench; portico, veranda (STG) (Pers.)

bisārdah

Plowed; watered (STG) (Pers.)

bisārdan

To plow, to break up fallow ground (STG) (Pers.)

bitek

Fertile soil (R) (TDK) (KAM) (Ot.)

bitelge

Fertility of the soil (TDK) (Ot.)

bizr[ah] (pl. buzūr)

Seed; kernel, pip, pit, stone (of fruit) (Ar.)

bīdistān

Grove of willows, osier-bed (STG) (Pers.)

bīl

Shovel, spade; oar; gardener, vine dresser; well (in Zand and Pāzand) (STG) (Pers.)

bīrūnī

External (STG) (Pers.)

bīsutūn

Without pillars; name of a mountain in Persia; the heavens (STG) (Pers.)

bīsha

Forest, wood, wild, uncultivated country; country overgrown with reeds and the like (STG) (Pers.)

bīyābān

Uncultivated, deserted; desert (STG) (Pers.)

bor

Fallow; uncultivated field (Heb.)

borit, birit

Strap or tie that binds a plow-shaft to the knees of the plower (Heb.)

boriyot

Trees and other orchard species that are damaged and do not bear fruit (Heb.)

bosem

Perfume, scent (Heb.)

bostan

Garden, vegetable garden, melon garden, kitchen garden (R) (NA) (TDK); synonym of çemen, çemenzar, sebzezar, yeşillik, yeşilistan, murğuzar, bağça, büstan, kiştzar, çayır, sebzistan (MEN); garden; vegetable garden (ATI); garden, flower garden vegetable garden, melon, watermelon (KAM); (LEH); field where melons and watermelons are grown, common term for melon and watermelon, cucumber (MED); kitchen garden, vegetable garden, melon garden; a common term for melon and watermelon, cucumber (TRM); large vegetable garden (TRK) (Ot.)

bostan beli

Gardener’s spade with a very long handle (R) (TRM) (Ot.)

bostan beygiri

Horse that turns a waterwheel (R) (KUB) (Ot.)

bostan çapası

Garden hoe (TRM) (Ot.)

bostan dolabı

Noria, waterwheel for irrigation (R) (TDK) (ARS) (TRM) (ARS) (KUB) (Ot.)

bostan korkuluğu

Scarecrow (R) (TDK) (MED) (HAY) (TRM) (KUB) (Ot.)

bostan kuyusu

Large but not very deep well (TRM); well large enough and with sufficient water for the waterwheel to turn and water the garden (KUB) (Ot.)

bostancı

Market gardener, vegetable gardener; member of the Ottoman imperial guard (R) (NA); gardener of an orchard, guards of the imperial gardens (guarded the imperial court court as well as imperial gardens) (TDK) (HAY); gardener of an orchard, guards of the imperial gardens, Ottoman imperial guards who had jurisdiction over the imperial gardens and shores and waters of the Bosphorus (HUK) (TEM) (TRH) (VLD) (KUB); synonym of bağçaci, bağçavan, bağçaban, büstani, büsti, salataci, bakkal, bakıl, tere-füruş, sebze-füruş, budayici (MEN); synonym of hadīka-bān (LEH); gardener of an orchard, guards of the imperial gardens (TRM) (Ot.)

bostancıbaşı

Ottoman commander of the imperial guards who had jurisdiction over the imperial gardens and shores and waters of the Bosporos (R) (NA) (OTR) (TDS) (KUB) (Ot.)

botanika

Botany (Heb.)

boustropedon

An ancient method of writing in which the lines are inscribed alternately from right to left and from left to right the way an ox turns while plowing (Heb.)

bozmak

To harvest grapes, vintage (TDK); to harvest the fruits of a garden (ATI) (KUB) (Ot.)

buhaira

Garden designed around a huge water reservoir and surrounded by fortified walls (Ar.)

bunāb

The bottom or depth of water (STG) (Pers.)

bunduq (pl. banādiq)

Hazelnut (FN 2:1180–81) (Ar.)

bunk

Root, core, heart, best part (FN 1:95; Wehr, 94) (Ar.)

burghul

Bulgur, crushed wheat, grits (Ar.)

burj

Tower; dovecote; constellation of stars; station of a planet (STG) (Pers.)

burun

Tip, pointed end (R) (NA) (Ot.)

bustān farāz

Rose bed (STG) (Pers.)

bustānārāy

Gardener (Pers.)

bustānbān

Gardener, vine dresser (STG) (Pers.)

bustānchi

Gardener (MUN) (Pers.)

bustānī

Hortulan; gardener (STG) (Pers.)

bustānpirā

Gardener, vine dresser (STG) (Pers.)

bustānsārāy

Palace garden (STG) (Pers.)

bustan

Orchard cultivated for profit and pleasure (Morocco) (Ar.)

bustan

Orchard (Heb.)

buṭum [shajarat al-]

Turpentine tree (terebinth) (Ar.)

būm

Country, region; desert land not yet cultivated; mansion or place where one dwells in safety (STG) (Pers.)

būstān

Baghs containing aromatic flowering plants spreading sweet scented smells; vegetable garden (F.D) (B.S) (Urdu)

būstān (pl. basātīn)

Place of perfume, garden, kitchen garden, green space; name of many Arabian and Persian books, the most celebrated of which is the Būstān-i Sa‛dī (STG) (Pers.)

būy

Odor, fragrance, perfume; scent, spice; portion, part, lot (STG) (Pers.)

bāğ-ı bahar

Spring garden (R); spring garden, promenade, world (FED) (Ot.)

bāgat

Vineyards, gardens, orchards (FED) (ATI) (OTS) (Ot.)

bāğbān

Gardener, vine grower (R) (NA) (BAH) (KAM) (FED) (RTK) (Ot.)

bāğistan

Place full of many gardens and vineyards (KUB) (FED) (KAM) (Ot.)

bāin

Large well (FED) (OKS) (Ot.)

būstān

Garden, flower garden, full of perfume (FED) (MÜK) (KUB) (Ot.)

būstān-bān

Gardener (FED) (Ot.)

camekān

Greenhouse; glasshouse, hothouse, conservatory (ARS) (HAY) (TRM) (Ot.)

camlı köşk

Glasshouse (ARS) (TDK) (KUB) (Ot.)

camlık

Place shut in with glass (R) (TDK) (KAM) (MED) (HAY) (MED) (LEH) (ARS) (KUB) (Ot.)

carmen

Spanish form of the Arabic karm vineyard, or domain planted with vineyards. In al-Andalus, a garden with connotations of pleasant retirement. In agricultural texts of al-Andalus, karm (pl. kurum) is an agricultural domain forming an entity, and in Nasrid Granada (fourteenth century), it implies both agricultural use and residential leisure (Ar.)

cennān

Gardener (FED) (Ot.)

cennāt

Plural of paradise, heaven (R) (FED); full of trees, garden, watery place (OTS); gardens of paradise (FED) (Ot.)

chabutra

Raised bank or terrace; platform (F.U.E.D) (T.J) (Urdu)

chafror

Mattock (Heb.)

chaft

Saloon built of wood and supported on columns; prop, trellis; chaft-i falak the celestial vault (STG) (Pers.)

chafta

Prop for a vine; bat; vaulted roof (STG) (Pers.)

chahār bālish

Royal throne, place spread with four cushions; the four elements; the four quarters of the globe; the world; quadrangular tent (STG) (Pers.)

chahār basit

The four elements (STG) (Pers.)

chahār chaman

The world (STG) (Pers.)

chahār dāng

The four quarters (STG) (Pers.)

chahār divār

The four quarters of the world; the four elements (water, earth, wind, and fire) (STG) (Pers.)

chahār divāri/chahār divār

Enclosure wall, four walls enclosing any ground/structure (S.N) (Urdu)

chahār hāshīya

Having four borders (STG) (Pers.)

chahār jūy

Rivers of paradise (STG) (Pers.)

chahār sūq

Marketplace (STG) (Pers.)

chahār tāq

A kind of tent (STG) (Pers.)

chahārbāgh

chārbāgh a palace; chārbāgh name of celebrated royal gardens in the environs of Ispahan and near Dehli, hence in general a royal garden or park (STG) (Pers.)

chahārpāra

Four parts; divided into or consisting of four parts (STG) (Pers.)

chaiad

Everlasting; aizoon (Heb.)

chaklai

Farmer (Heb.)

chakla'ut

Agriculture; farming (Heb.)

chalok, chelek

Smooth stone, pebble (Heb.)

chamānīdan

To walk gracefully; chamān walking; cham an easy air, a swinging or vacillating motion in walking; chaman gard walking about in the gardens; chaman sair = chaman sayr promenading in the gardens; chaman suffa a garden seat; chaman tarāz gardener; chaman pīrā gardener; chaman band gardener; chamansāz gardener; chaman afrūz brightening the garden (applied to various flowers) (STG); chamish a portly gait in walking (Pers.)

chamama

Greenhouse (Heb.)

chaman

Vineyards and orchards, particularly orchards of pomegranates. Flowering shrubs are also an integral part of a chaman and different varieties of flowering plants provide a visual delight and promote spiritual solace. Generally lacks a pavilion or any other architectural embellishment. Vines are allowed to dominate the landscape. Large bāghs frequently contain smaller sections designed as chaman. Chamans are planted with sabza (grass); hence the term is also used to denote a meadow (F.U.E.D) (Qasā’id) (Urdu)

chaman

Orchard, fruit garden; meadow, green field, verdant plain, garden plot or bed, raised border, parterre, avenue; pasture ground (STG) (Pers.)

chaman band

Gardener; fountain (STG) (Pers.)

chaman pīrā

Gardener, pruner (STG) (Pers.)

chaman pirān

Gardener designers dealing with planting (F.U.E.D) (Qasā’id) (Urdu)

chamanistān

Verdant meadows (STG) (Pers.)

chamanzār

Verdant meadows; prairie (STG) (Pers.)

chamra

Red loam (Heb.)

chanat

Ripen (Heb.)

chapar

Palisade; wooden hut (STG) (Pers.)

charaba

A knife for figs (Heb.)

charish

Plowing; plowing season (Heb.)

charisha

Plowing (Heb.)

charisha

Grove (Heb.)

charsit

Red soil; clay (Heb.)

charul

Thom, nettle, bramble (Heb.)

chashma

Spring (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

chasina

Wicker basket (Heb.)

chativa

Cutting, chopping (Heb.)

chatr

Umbrella, parasol (especially as an ensign of royalty); tent (STG) (Pers.)

chatzatz

Rubble; gravel (Heb.)

chatzer

Yard, court, enclosure in village or town (Heb.)

chava

Farm, ranch (Heb.)

chavai

Farmer (Heb.)

chavaot

Farming (Heb.)

chavilla

Villa (Heb.)

chawgān

The game of polo or horse shinty; stick having one end arched, to which is suspended an iron or steel ball, carried as an ensign of royalty (STG) (Pers.)

chādur

Water chute or sheet. Chādur was introduced when a watercourse falls from a high level. Literally, chādur means “sheet,” but as an architectural element it is a waterfall over which water flows down like a sheet. It constitutes an important element of visual design. Marble and sandstones were carved in various patterns, angles, and forms so that when water runs over them, the water produced an interesting texture and sound. The Nishat garden in Kashmir is perhaps the finest example where water chutes are used at almost every level difference (S.N) (Urdu)

chādur

Tent, pavilion; chādur-i āb waterfall, cascade; chādur-i lājavard the azure sky, a verdant meadow (STG) (Pers.)

chāh

Well. There ware three main sources of the supply of water to the gardens: canal, wells, and rainwater. Lands watered via canals are termed nehri, those by wells chāhi, and those by rainwater barani. During the Mughal period doabs (land between two rivers) were mostly irrigated by chāhi (F.U.E.D) (Bayaz) (Urdu)

chāl

Ravine (STG) (Pers.)

chekal

Field (Heb.)

cheled

World; earth (Heb.)

chelka

Field plot; lot (Heb.)

chenet, chanita

Ripening (Heb.)

chermesh

Sickle (Heb.)

chermeshit

Curved knife (a small sickle) (Heb.)

cherut

Palm branch, palm leaf (Heb.)

chevla

Property; estate (Heb.)

chihil sutūn

Colonnade (STG) (Pers.)

chināristān

Place where china is kept; an apartment adorned with china (STG) (Pers.)

chiposhit

Beetle (Heb.)

chirāghān

An illumination (STG) (Pers.)

chisa

Bushes, brush (Heb.)

chishma

Fountain, source, spring; a vaulted arch; chishma-yi akhz̤ar fountain of immortality; chishma-yi pul arch of a bridge; chishma-yi khiz̤r and chishma-yi nūsh fountain of life; chishma-yi salsabīl spring or river in paradise (STG) (Pers.)

chishma-yi shīr

Stream of milk in paradise (MUN) (Pers.)

chīna

Course of bricks or stone in a wall; layers of large stones, bricks, or turfs in building walls (STG) (Pers.)

chīnī khāna

Place where china is kept; an apartment adorned with china (STG) (Pers.)

chocher

Renter, tenant, lessee (Heb.)

chol

Sand (Heb.)

choma

Wall (Heb.)

choref

Winter (Heb.)

choresh, chorsha

Grove (Heb.)

choter

Branch that emerges from the tree trunk close to the roots (Heb.)

chotev

Woodcutter (Heb.)

chūbbast

Scaffold (STG) (Pers.)

chūgh

Yoke; trench or canal cut through gardens or meadows; dam (STG) (Pers.)

ciba

Small garden, courtyard (TRM) (Ot.)

cirid

Synonym of cirit; stick used as a dart in the mounted game of jereed (R) (NA) (Ot.)

çahar-bağ

Synonym of cahar bağ; a Persian garden-type divided by two paths into four sections (NA) (Ot.)

çalılık

Thicket, bushes, brushwood (R) (MEN) (ARS) (MED) (Ot.)

çapalamak

To hoe (R) (TDK) (Ot.)

çardak

Pergola, trellis, bower, gazebo (R) (NA) (KAM) (MED) (ARS) (LEH) (MED) (TRM) (TEM) (Ot.)

çarh-ı āb-kesī

Persian waterwheel (R); as bostan dolabı, noria, waterwheel for irrigation (FED) (Ot.)

çelik aşısı

Bud into the stock, grafting, budding (MED) (Ot.)

çelki

Garden cottage, vineyard hut (TRM) (Ot.)

çemenbend

Gardener (R) (OTS) (Ot.)

çemenistān

Meadow land, garden (HAY) (OSM) (FED) (KUB) (Ot.)

çemenzār

Synonym of çemenistān, meadowland; green meadow, grassy plot (R) (MEN) (NA); meadowland, garden (TRK) (Ot.)

çemenārā

Gardener (R) (FED) (Ot.)

çengel

Full of trees, wooded, wood, copse, bush (OSM) (OTS) (Ot.)

çeper

Wall, fence (R) (TDK-2); small garden, small vegetable garden (KAM) (TRM); stone garden wall (ZAN) (Ot.)

çepin

Gardener's hoe, small hoe (R) (TDK) (KAM) (TRM) (TEM) (Ot.)

çerge

Small hut or a makeshift tent in an orchard (R) (ZAN) (Ot.)

çevirme

Small enclosed garden (KAM) (TRM) (Ot.)

çevlik

Synonym of çevirme; small walled garden or field (ATI) (MER) (TRM) (Ot.)

çevlük

Kitchen garden in front of a house (ZAN) (Ot.)

çevre duvarı

Wall enclosing a garden or a field (ARS) (Ot.)

çiçek bahçesi

Flower garden (TRM) (R) (NA) (TRM) (Ot.)

çiçek tarhı

Parterre, flowerbed (R) (NA) (TRM) (Ot.)

çiçekçilik

Floriculture, florist (R) (TDK) (MED) (ARK) (Ot.)

çiçekdanlık

Floriculture, florist (R) (TDK) (MED) (ARK) (Ot.)

çiçekdanlık

Synonym of çiçeklik; vase, flower vase, flower stand, flower garden, flowerbed, flower house; conservatory, receptacle (R) (OSM) (Ot.)

çit

Hedge; fence of hurdles, fence (R) (TDK) (OSM) (TSD) (ATI) (ARS) (DLT) (TRM) (TEM) (KUB) (Ot.)

çitenlik

Garden, courtyard, kitchen garden (TRM) (Ot.)

çiti

Synonym of çit; hedge; fence of hurdles, fence (R), trellis (ARS) (Ot.)

çocuk bahçesi

Children’s park (R) (HAY) (MED) (TDK) (ARS) (EGT) (KUB) (Ot.)

çocuk parkı

Synonym of çocuk bahçesi; children’s park (R) (MED) (Ot.)

dabbūr

Hornet; wasp (see also Ar. zunbūr) (Ar.)

dabūr

Westerly wind, zephyr (Ar.)

dachlil

Scarecrow (Heb.)

daghal (pl. adghāl)

Place with luxuriant tree growth; thicket, bush, jungle (Wehr 328) (Ar.)

daghil[ah]

Covered with dense overgrowth (Wehr, 328) (Ar.)

dahmasht [darakht-i dahmasht]

Bay laurel tree (Pers.)

dakka

Bench; counter for sitting (STG) (Pers.)

darakht

Tree (Pers.)

darbār

House, dwelling; court, area; court or levee of a prince; audience chamber (STG) (Pers.)

dardār [shajarat al-]

Elm tree (possibly) (FN 1:173–74; Wehr, 320) (Ar.)

dargāh

King’s court; port, portal, gate, door; lower threshold; court before a palace or great house; large bench or place for reclining; mosque (STG) (Pers.)

darsār

Curtain hung before a door, an antechamber, an outer wall (STG) (Pers.)

darwāza

Entrance door or gate (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

daryācha

Lake, pool (STG) (Pers.)

dasht

Desert, plain without water; burial ground (STG) (Pers.)

dastgird

Pahlavi dastgirt (Pers.)

dawā (pl. adwiyah)

Medicine, remedy (Ar.)

dawḥah [shajarat al-]

Large tree with widespread branches (Lane, 929; Wehr, 343) (Ar.)

dawlatkhānah

Palace; dawlatkhāna-i khās the king’s palace (STG) (Pers.)

dawlatkhānah

Mansion, palace, house (F.U.E.D.) (S.N) (Urdu)

dālān

Courtyard, large hall (F.U.E.D) (M.A) (Urdu)

dālān

Hall, vestibule; covered way; corridor (STG) (Pers.)

dār

Beam; roof of a house; tree (Pahlavi); dār-i razān vine trellis; house, dwelling; seat; country, district; dār ‘l imārat royal residence, capital; dār‘l saltanah royal residence (STG) (Pers.)

dārafzīn

Anything upon which one leans; raised bench or sofa; screen, lattice (STG) (Pers.)

dārbast

Vine trellis (STG) (Pers.)

dārkhāl

Ungrafted tree; branch; sapling (STG) (Pers.)

dārūmı̄qā

A plant otherwise known in Persian as kashanj (FN 1:597–98) (Syr.)

dās

Sickle (STG) (Pers.)

deshen

Chemical fertilizer, ash (Heb.)

dhurrah (pl. dhurar or dhurāt)

Seed, grain, corn (as miniscule measure of weight, see Q 99:7–8; 34:3, 22; 10:61; 4:40) (Ar.)

diflā [shajarat al-]

Oleander (FN 1:183–84; Wehr, 331); rose-bay or laurel-bay; oleander, rhododendron, or rhododaphne (Lane, 893) (Ar.)

diken

Thorn (Ottoman Tukrish)

dikim

Planting, as in dikim zamanı (planting season), also referred to in classical Ottoman as zamān-i ghars (see Ar. ghars) (TDK) (ATI) (TRM) (Ot.)

dikme

Seedling, young plant (R); to plant, young plant (TDK) (Ot.)

dikmek

Plant, transplant, implant (R) (HAY) (TDK) (MED) (ARS) (LEH) (YAK) (KAM) (Ot.)

dikmelik

Nursery (KAM) (TDK) (Ot.)

dilul

Thinning out some seedlings to improve the growth of the remaining ones (Heb.)

dirakht

Tree (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

dirakht

Tree, plant, bush, shrub; beam; column (STG) (Pers.)

dirakhtistān

Planted with trees (STG) (Pers.)

dirakhtnāk

Full of trees, woody (STG) (Pers.)

dishun

Fertilizing by various means (Heb.)

divār

Wall that encloses a formal bāgh (F.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

dizh

Gallery, balcony; fortress (STG) (Pers.)

dīvānkhāna

Tribunal, office; audience hall (STG) (Pers.)

dolap

Waterwheel (R) (KAM) (KAR) (Ot.)

dukkān

Shop; workshop (STG) (Pers.)

dulb [shajarat al-]

Plane tree, sycamore (FN 1:168–70; Lane, 902; Wehr, 335) (Ar.)

durrāq

Peach (Ar.)

ḍayʿah (pl. ḍayāʿ)

Village, hamlet; country estate, rural property (Ar.)

einav

Grape (Heb.)

egoz ilsar

Hazelnut (Heb.)

ekim

Sowing (Ot.)

elma

Apple (Ottoman Turkish

enāristān

Pomegranate garden (MÜN) (Ot.)

enginar

Artichoke (Ot.)

et

Plowshare; shovel (Heb.)

etz

Tree, wood (Heb.)

faghistān

Idol temple; haram of a prince (STG) (Pers.)

falach

Peasant, farmer (Heb.)

fallāḥ

Ploughman, though generally applied to agricultural farmer in modern usage (Ar.)

faqqūs

A kind of large cucumber (Ibn Mammātī, 82; Wehr, 846) (Ar.)

farshūqīyah

A plant otherwise known in Greek as oskūlanus or uskūlanus, or also kandrūsākūs (FN 1:585–87) (Ar.)

farūṣāhı̄

A vegetable similar to leek that grows along the Euphrates in Mesopotamia (FN 1:581–83) (Syr.)

farʿ (pl. furūʿ)

Branches (Ar.)

favvāra

Jet d’eau, fountain, spring (STG) (Pers.)

fayjal

Rue (see also sadhāb) (Lane, 1337) (Ar.)

ferādīs-i cennet

Synonym of ferādīs: plural of firdevs; garden of paradise, heaven (R) (FED) (Ot.)

fidan çukurı

Sapling pit (MEN) (Ot.)

fidan dikilen yer

Sapling, young tree, plant bed (TSD) (Ot.)

fidanlık

Nursery (R) (TDK) (KAM) (MED) (VLD) (Ot.)

fide

Seedling (R) (TDK-2) (TYS) (KAM) (LEH) (MED) (TRK) (Ot.)

fidān

Sapling, young tree, plant, bush (R) (NA) (ARK) (MEN) (TDK) (TYS) (HAY) (MED) (LEH) (KAM) (Ot.)

filāḥah, falḥ

Agriculture, horticulture. According to Toufic Fahd, filāḥah in the earliest Arabic texts of this genre can also have, in additional to agriculture, the meaning of botany (Fahd, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3:813) (Ar.)

firdaws

Garden, vineyard, paradise; fertile valley (STG) (Pers.)

firdevs (pl. ferādīs)

The garden of paradise, heaven (R); paradise, heaven, garden (OSM) (RIZ) (HAY); valley where every kind of plant is grown, vineyard, garden, highest heaven (MED) (FED) (CUD); heaven, garden (RTK); vegetable garden, garden (NAC); garden, paradise (Koran 18 Kehf 107, 23 Mü‘mimūn 11) (SKA) (Ot.)

fisṭoq

Pistachio (Heb.)

fiṣfiṣah

Lucerne, alfalfa (Ar.)

frawlah

Strawberry (Ar.)

fujl (pl. fujūl)

Radish, divided into Shāmı̄ (Levantine), mustaṭı̄l (elongated), and barīy (wild) (FN 1:552–55) (Ar.)

fustuq

Pistachio (FN 2:1181–82) (Ar.)

fuṭr

Fungus; mushrooms (Ar.)

fūdhanaj

Pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium (FN 2:771; Dozy, Supplément 2:288) (Ar.)

gababa

Dry pieces of straw remaining after collecting cut wheat (Heb.)

gadish

Pile of cut wheat (Heb.)

gadud

Small ridge or mound raised by the plow after opening the furrow (Heb.)

gan

A place to raise various trees, especially fruit trees (Heb.)

gan yarak

Vegetable garden (Heb.)

gan-eden

Garden of Eden (Heb.)

gana

A smaller version of the above, a vineyard or orchard (Heb.)

ganan

Craftsman who creates gardens; gardener (Heb.)

ganan

Gardener, expert in the care of trees and plants (Heb.)

ganit

Smaller version of the above, adjacent to a house (Heb.)

garmkhāna

Hothouse; subterranean dwelling for warmth; greenhouse (STG) (Pers.)

gars

Planting (R) (NA); planting, plant (OSM); planting tree (KAM) (Ot.)

gars-ı escār

Planting tree (OSM) (Ot.)

gawdāl

Low-lying ground (STG) (Pers.)

gaytān

Garden (EVL) (Ot.)

gelif

Watchman’s hut in vineyards or gardens (TRM) (Ot.)

gelincik

Poppy (Ot.)

gever

Small lateral channel for irrigation (R) (TRM) (Ot.)

gevermek

To let in, to insert (water) (R) (TRM) (Ot.)

gharaz

Panic grass, also known as thumām (Lane, 2246) (Ar.)

ghālālūṭā

Originally a plant native to Egypt that was transplanted to Mesopotamia, the leaves of which are similar to the atraj (citron tree), though a bit thinner (FN 1:527–28) (Syr.)

ghār [shajarat al-]

Bay laurel tree (Ar.)

gharāsah, gharas, yaghrisu

Planting, to plant (Ar.)

ghubar

Dust (Ar.)

ghubayrā’ [shajarat al-]

Rowan or mountain ash (Lane, 2224). The FN does not give any specific description other than that it is found in Mesopotamia (bābil), thrives in hot and arid regions, and originates in the Indian region of Mak[k]ī (FN 1:185–86). Given that the rowan or mountain ash is well-known for its intensely red fruits, one should hesitate to identify the tree in FN with the rowan tree of the same name (Ar.)

ghulām gardish

Room between two others in which it opens; loggia and gate of a building; wall between the women’s quarters and the audience hall (MUN) (Pers.)

gulnār

Pomegranate flower (see also Arabicized jullanār) (Pers.)

ghurfa

Parlor, upper apartment, room for taking meals; paradise, the seventh heaven (STG) (Pers.)

gidul

Growth; care and fostering of animals, children, and plants and meeting their developmental needs (Heb.)

gidum

Sever, chop (Heb.)

gizum

Cutting or pruning of dry or extraneous branches to give a plant or vine the desired form to augment its growth (Heb.)

g'mila

Ripening of fruit (Heb.)

g'mina

Pruning of trees (Heb.)

goruk

Garden, vineyard (VLD) (Ot.)

gul

Rose; flower (STG) (Pers.)

gul pīrāy

Gardener, horticulturist (STG) (Pers.)

guldasta

A handful of roses; minaret (STG) (Pers.)

gulgasht

Pleasant place for walking or recreation, especially blooming with roses and other flowers; evening walk (STG) (Pers.)

gulistān

Rose garden; flower garden; celebrated Persian book in prose and verse, by Shaykh Sa‛di (1210–1291/92) (STG) (Pers.)

gulistū

Flower garden (STG) (Pers.)

gulnāk

Rose garden; flowerbed (STG) (Pers.)

gulshan

Rose or flower garden; bed of roses or flowers; delightful spot; pleasure palace; gulshan-i quds the highest heaven; gulshan āray gardener, horticulturist; gulshan sarāy garden palace (STG) (Pers.)

gulshan farūz

Gardener (spec. who plants roses) (STG) (Pers.)

gulshan tarāz

Gardener, horticulturist (STG)

gulzār

Rose garden; flourishing and well populated town; blooming, flourishing (STG) (Pers.)

gunbad

Arch, vault, cupola, dome, tower (STG) (Pers.)

gübre

Fertilizer, dung, manure, droppings (R) (NA); fertilizer, dung, manure, droppings, chemical or natural fertilizer (TDK) (Ot.)

gül bahçesi

Rose garden (R) (NA) (TSD) (TRM) (Ot.)

gül-bağ

Rose garden (R) (OSM) (KUB) (Ot.)

gülbün

Rosebush (R) (OSM) (HAY) (OTS) (Ot.)

gülistan

Rose garden (R) (NA) (OSM); synonym of çiçeklik, gülşen (MEN) (KAM) (ARS) (KUB) (Ot.)

güllük

Rose garden, bed of roses, place full of roses (R) (TDK) (BAY) (HAY) (TRM) (ARK) (KUB) (Ot.)

gülşen ü gülzār

Rose garden (R) (OSM) (Ot.)

hadāik-i Hassa

Imperial gardens (R) (KUB) (NA); imperial gardens outside of the courts (TLG) (MED) (Ot.)

hadhartāyā

Plant that grows along the Jordan river (FN 1:538–41) (Nab. Syr.)

hadiqa

Enclosure planted with fruit and palm trees but without vineyards (Ar.)

hadīka (pl. hadāik, hadāyık)

Garden, park, orchard (R) (OSM) (KAM); garden full of trees, garden with water (MÜK) (CUD); garden with trees, synonym of ravza, firdevs, bağ bostan (LEH); garden, park, orchard enclosed with a wall (YTL); garden full of trees enclosed with a wall, garden with water (NAC); a garden full of trees and water (KUB); garden full of trees (RTK) (Ot.)

hadīka-i ferahfeza

Spacious, open garden (OSM) (Ot.)

hadīka-i hāssa

Imperial gardens (R) (KAM) (Ot.)

hadīkat

Garden and orchard; if it is not enclosed by a wall it cannot be called hadīka (AHT) (Ot.)

hadīqa (pl. hadāyiq)

Garden (STG) (Pers.)

hadīqa

Orchard; palm plantation; enclosed garden (STG) (Pers.)

hafracha

Bringing about budding or flowering; yielding (Heb.)

Hag Ha'asif (succot)

Harvest festival; tabernacles (Heb.)

Hag Ha'bicorim

Festival of First Fruits; Pentecost (Heb.)

hammām

Hot bath; Turkish bath (STG) (Pers.)

haram

Forbidden; haram khāna = haram sarā women’s apartments (STG) (Pers.)

haram

Ladies section or apartment (F.U.E.D) (Urdu)

harım

Vegetable and fruit garden, fence for a field or a garden (TDK); fence for a field or a garden (YÖR); garden or orchard or vegetable garden, fig garden, field accessible to water, valuable field near the village or town, garden fence (TRM); garden fence (YÖR) (ZAN) (Ot.)

harkava

Propagation (Heb.)

hars

Tilling, sowing, plowing (STG) (Pers.)

hasbahçe bostancıları

Members of the imperial guard (R); gardener-guards of the imperial gardens (OTL) (TDS) (Ot.)

hasbahçe ocağı

Janissary corps of the sultan’s private gardens (TDS) (Ot.)

hasbahçe

Private garden of the sultan (R) (NA) (ARS) (OTL) (TLG) (MED) (SAN); imperial gardens and orchards in a court (TEM) (TDS) (Ot.)

hashka'a

Irrigation (Heb.)

hashrasha

Rooting a plant (Heb.)

hasht bihisht

The eight paradises (STG) (Pers.)

havchala

Fruit that is almost ripe; accelerating the maturation of fruit by artificial means (Heb.)

hawm

Name of a tree resembling the tamarisk; name of a descendant of Faridum, a sacrifice offered to the fire, a burnt-offering (STG) (Pers.)

hawz̤

Large reservoir of water, basin of a fountain, pond, tank, vat, cistern; hawz̤-i kaws̱ar reservoir of nectar in paradise; hawz̤cha = hawz̤ak small reservoir, cistern; hawz̤khāna building containing basins of water (STG) (Pers.)

hawz̤-i jūshān

hawż reservoir of water + jūshān boiling (STG) (Pers.)

hayāt

Walls, inner court, yard, vestibule (STG) (Pers.)

hā‘ir, hayr (pl. huran, hiran)

Place enclosed for cattle raising, with a pocket of water; a large precinct within a royal garden, such as a zoological garden. In al-Andalus, a pavilion in a garden within the precincts of a large palace (Ar.)

hā’it

Vegetable or pleasure garden enclosed within solid walls (Ar.)

hāshīya

Margin, border; flowerbed, parterre; hāshīya-yi bāgh bandī = hāshīya bandī to create flowerbeds in a garden (STG) (Pers.)

hilyawn

Asparagus (Ar.)

hindubā’

Endive (FN 2:761–71 (Ar.)

hintayvası

Custard apple (Ot.)

hisār

Besieging; encompassing; fortified town, fort, castle; fence, enclosure; hisār-i barīn the highest heaven; hisār-i pīrūza sky (STG) (Pers.)

hisār

Fortification wall that encloses a qasr (F.D) (J.N) (Urdu)

hovara

Letting a field lay fallow (Heb.)

hujra

Chamber (STG) (Pers.)

hydroponika

Hydroponics; using water containing all essential salts instead of soil as a growth medium (Heb.)

ḥadd[ah], ḥiddah

Sharp (Ar.)

ḥaḍaḍ [shajarat al-]

A thorny tree that grows in desolate prairies (FN 2:1259–60) (Ar.)

ḥaḍı̄ḍ

A depressed piece of ground at the place where a mountain ends (Lane, 588) (Ar.)

ḥalḥal makthā

The Nabataean Syriac name for the Greek kākūlāmı̄nūsh (FN 1:591–93) (Syr.)

ḥamaḍı̄, ḥāmiḍ[ah], ḥumūḍah

Sour (Ar.)

ḥamḍ [shajarat al-]

A kind of plant in which there is saltiness; camels eat it as though it were fruit and after which they drink (Dīnawarī, 26; Lane, 644) (Ar.)

ḥaml

Fruit of a tree (see also thamarah) (Lane, 648) (Ar.)

ḥanẓal

Colocynth (Ar.)

ḥarīf[ah], ḥarāfah

Acidic (acidity); tart (Ar.)

ḥasbanā [shajarat al-]

A Mesopotamian tree, the fruit of which is similar to that of the bitter orange (nāranj) or citron (atraj) tree (FN 1:189–93) (Ar.)

ḥashı̄sh

Hemp (see also qunnab) (Ar.)

ḥatsı̄l

Aubergine, eggplant (Heb.)

ḥawar [shajarat al-]

Either a plane tree or white poplar (FN 2:1246–47; Lane, 666; Wehr, 247) (Ar.)

ḥinnā

Henna (FN 2:1265–66) (Ar.)

ḥinṭah

Wheat (see also qamḥ) (Ar.)

ḥirāthah, ḥaratha, yaḥrithu

Farming, to farm (Ar.)

ḥiṣrim

Unripe and sour grapes (Ibn Mammātī, 82; Wehr, 213) (Ar.)

ḥomets

Vinegar; also leavened food (Heb.)

ḥummāḍ

Sorrel (FN 1:619–20) (Ar.)

ḥummuṣ

Chickpeas (Ar.)

Ibrāhı̄m [shajarat al-]

According to FN, this is a specific term used by the Nabateans and the Canaanites [sic] to refer to a blessed tree similar to the ghubayrā’ that grows in Mesopotamia in arid climates, has yellow and perfumed flowers, and grows very tall, the latter of which being the reason for the application of the prophetic-biblical namesake (FN 1:186–91) (Ar.)

idit

Best soil (Heb.)

idur

Hoeing, tilling (Heb.)

igum

Impounding of water to create a lake (Heb.)

i‛imārat

Cultivating, rendering habitable a building, edifice, structure; palace; sacred fabric (STG) (Pers.)

i‛imarat-i sardar

‛imarat building + sardar lintel of a door (STG) (Pers.)

ijāṣ [shajarat al-]

Plum tree (FN 2:1189–90, 1198) (Ar.)

ikar

Farmer (Heb.)

ilan

Tree (Heb.)

incir

Fig (Ot.)

iqshmūyā

Leafless Mesopotamian plant (FN 1:626–28) (Syr.)

iqṭāʿ

Land tenure (Ar.)

İrem

The mystical gardens said to have been devised by Shaddad bin Ad in emulation of the garden of Paradise (R) (NA); as bağ-ı İrem (OSS) (Ot.)

isḥārah (pl. siḥār)

A type of herb upon which grows māl (Dīnawarī, 30) (Ar.)

iskān

Settlement and sedentarization (Ar.)

ispargham

Name of an odoriferous herb; any green herb; verdure; any fragrant herb (STG) (Pers.)

isparlūs

Palace (STG) (Pers.)

issuv

Weeding by hand (Heb.)

istabl

Stable (Arabic, from Greek στάβλιον) (STG) (Pers.)

istakhr

Lake, pool, ditch; ancient Persepolis (STG) (Pers.)

ista’ṣala yasta’ṣilu, isti’ṣāl

To uproot, to deracinate, to weed (Ar.)

istinbāṭ, istanbaṭa yastanbiṭu

To draw water (Ar.)

ithr

Litter or organic remnant/detritus (see also bāq) (Ibn Mammātı̄, 201) (Ar.)

iṭlāʿ al-mā’

Extraction of water (Ar.)

ivān

In a garden, a chamber/pavilion where important person sits and meets with the audience. It is usually located at a key focal point on the site affording a maximum view from the sitting area. These pavilions were most often located at the intersection of khyabans, at the termination of a vista or on one or either side of a pond hauz (F.D P.N) (Urdu)

ivan chihl sutun

Forty-pillared hall. During the Shah Jahan period, ivan chihl sutun were constructed and were known as Daulat Khāna Khās-o Am. These forty-pillared halls, therefore exist at Lahore, Shahjahanabad, and Agra (S.N.) (Urdu)

izuk

Tilling the soil in preparation for planting (Heb.)

jadval

Rivulet; ruled line, marginal line; column, table of contents (of a book); dried up river, brook (STG) (Pers.)

jadvalbandī

To lay down the grid of irrigation channels (Pers.)

ja‛far

Little stream; river; name of an imām (STG) (Pers.)

jafnah (pl. jafnāt)

A small well; a wooden bowl (Ar.)

jaft

Trellis; roof of a house (STG) (Pers.)

jahān

The world, universe (STG) (Pers.)

jahān ārāy

Adorning the world (STG) (Pers.)

jahān namā

jahān world + namā showing (Pers.)

janabah

Perennial plant (generic) (Ar.)

jangal

(Sanskrit janagala) wood, forest, thicket; country overgrown with wood, reeds, or long grass; jungle (STG) (Pers.)

janna (pl. jnān)

Place planted with fruit and palm trees. In classical Arabic, this garden also contains vineyards. In Marrakech and Fez, orchard or kitchen garden outside the city walls or in the Medina (Ar.)

janna (pl. jinan, jannat)

In the Quran, shady and densely planted paradises promised to believers (Ar.)

jannat

Garden, set with trees; grove of palm trees; paradise; heaven (STG) (Pers.)

jannat

Paradise, heaven (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

jar

Crack, cleft, fissure, particularly in the ground; ditch, trench, cracked ground (STG) (Pers.)

jard

Royal throne (STG) (Pers.)

jarı̄d

Dried and barren palm branch (Ar.)

jarjīr

Watercress (FN 2:779–81; Wehr, 141) (Ar.)

jawla gāh

A field of jawla, a kind of grass (STG) (Pers.)

jawla zār

Prairie (Pers.)

jawsa

Balcony; kiosk; villa (STG) (Pers.)

jawsaq

Lofty building, palace; villa, kiosk (STG) (Pers.)

jawz

Walnut (FN 2:1173–77) (Ar.)

jawz al-hindī

Coconut (FN 2:1177) (Ar.)

jawz al-ṭı̄b

Nutmeg (Ar.)

jazar bustānı̄

A kind of root vegetable, presumably carrot, divided into bustānı̄ (garden variety) and barrīy (wild) (FN 1:557–59) (Ar.)

jālīz

Herbage, flowers and fruits (STG) (Pers.)

jāmūs

Water buffalo (Ar.)

jān-i zamīn

Herbage, flowers, and fruits (STG)

jharoka

Bay window where an emperor would sit to present himself to his audience. It is generally located above the floor level where the emperor used to sit but in case of residential buildings these are designed at the first floor level to overlook the view of the street and landscape beyond. The jharoka occupied a central position both in the diwan-e-khas-o-aam (hall of lords and the commons). These jharoka were decorated with floral patterns either painted on plaster or made in pietra dura work. It generally protruded from the main structure, so a person sitting in a jharoka was visible from three different sides. The emperor's seat in Hall of Public and Private audience were usually written as Jharoka-e Darshan (F.U.E.D) (B.S) (Urdu)

jins (pl. ajnā)

Sex, genus, type (Ar.)

jirz

Wall (Pers.)

jisr

Bridge (STG) (Pers.)

jizār

Time of the cutting off of the fruit of the palm tree (Lane, 419) (Ar.)

joy

Canal, stream of water (J.N) (Urdu)

julaw-khān

Façade of a house (STG) (Pers.)

julaw-khānā

Entrance forecourt, whether for a palace, tomb, or pleasure garden; antechamber, porch (F.D S.N) (Urdu)

jullanār

Pomegranate blossom (see original Per. gulnār) (Ar.)

julnasrı̄n

Flower similar to both jasmine and jonquil but with larger flowers (FN 1:136–37); most likely eglantine rose (sweet-brier) (Ar.)

jummayz [shajarat al-]

Sycamore fig-tree (FN 2:1205–6; Lane, 454; Wehr, 159) (Ar.)

jummār

Palm pith, palm core (Ibn Mammātī, 82; Lane, 454; Wehr, 159) (Ar.)

junūb

South; the south wind (Ar.)

jūbı̄thā kuwı̄

The Syriac term used for khandarūs (Gr. candarus = La. titricum romanum) (FN 1:516–17) (Syr.)

jūy

Running stream, rivulet; canal or gutter cut for the purpose of irrigation (STG) (Pers.)

jūybār

Great river formed by the confluence of many smaller streams; riverbank; place abounding in streams (STG) (Pers.)

kabūtar khāna

Pigeon house (STG) (Pers.)

kadim

A hot eastern wind that scorches the wheat (Gen. 41:6) (Heb.)

kafnit

Wild palm; wild dates (Heb.)

kakma aşı

Grafting, bud (to be placed into the stock) (TDK-2) (Ot.)

kam’ah

Truffle (FN 1:599–602) (Ar.)

kan

Tree; place full of trees (STG) (Pers.)

kana

Understock; plant; shoot (Heb.)

kapama bahçe

Garden planted with only one kind of tree (TRM) (Ot.)

kar

Meadow; grassland (Heb.)

karafs

Celery (FN 1:781–85; Lane, 2607) (Ar.)

kardom

Iron tool, a kind of pickaxe for digging (Heb.)

karık

Furrow (R) (TDK) (TRM) (KUB) (TEM) (Ot.)

karka betula

Name for land that has never been worked (Heb.)

karm, kurūm

Grapevine (Ar.)

karmel

Garden; fruitful field; Mount Carmel (Heb.)

karpuz

Watermelon (Ot.)

karrāth

Leek (FN 1:562; Wehr, 959) (Ar.)

kart

Piece of tilled ground; small raised part of ground dividing the plots in a garden and made to hold irrigation water (STG); piece of cultivated land, each portion of a field or garden (MUN) (Pers.)

karta

Piece of tilled ground (STG) (Pers.)

karyās

Privy on the roof of a house having communication with a subterranean passage (STG) (Pers.)

katif

Harvest of fruit from a tree (Heb.)

kattān

Flax (FN 1:522–24) (Ar.)

kav

Dry weight used during the period of the Mishna and the Talmud, approximately 2.2 liters (Heb.)

kav

Taut thread used for measuring (Ezek. 2:47) (Heb.)

kava

Collected water in a ritual bath (Heb.)

kaveret

Beehive (Heb.)

kavot

Vessel used for pickling fruit (from Greek) (Heb.)

kavran

Beekeeper (Heb.)

kavun

Melon (Ot.)

kawāzā fīnā

Plant that grows close to the shore and the sea (FN 1:624–25) (Syr.)

kayısı

Apricots (Ar.)

kājistān

Land full of pine trees; kāj wild pine tree + istān place (STG) (Pers.)

kāla

Ground prepared for sowing (STG) (Pers.)

kākh

Palace, villa, summer dwelling; apartment at the top of the house open to front; upper story; tower, gallery, balcony, battlements, or any similar erection for the benefit of air or a prospect (STG) (Pers.)

kārīz

Subterranean canal; ditch dug around a field to convey water (STG) (Pers.)

kāza

House; hut erected in the corner of a field or melon ground; bedchamber built of wood and supported by columns; hunter’s hiding place; canopy; shady place (STG) (Pers.)

kenevir

Cannabis (Ot.)

kerem

Vineyard (Heb.)

kerti

Water notch in gardens or fields (TRM) (Ot.)

kfar

Village, hamlet; countryside (Heb.)

kfari

Rural; rustic (Heb.)

kış bahçesi

Winter garden (R) (ARS) (TRM) (Ot.)

kida

Perfume mentioned in the Bible to prepare the anointing oil (Exod. 30:23–24) (Heb.)

kikar

Square; plaza; piazza (Heb.)

kikar

Plain, valley (Heb.)

kilshon

Agricultural tool with three tines (Heb.)

kisuakh

Cut off; mown (Heb.)

kishtzār

Field sown and beginning to look green (STG) (Pers.)

kiton

Pump or installation for pumping water (from Greek) (Heb.)

kiyarī

Flowerbed (F.U.E.D) (B.K) (Urdu)

kmira

Covering fruit with earth to ripen them (Heb.)

knima

Vermin; insect; pest (Heb.)

korem

Vineyard owner/grower (Heb.)

kormut

Grapevine cultivation (Heb.)

kotzer

Farmer cutting ripe wheat (Heb.)

kotzetz

Cuts, clips (Heb.)

köşk

Villa, summer house; pavilion (R); kiosk (NA) (Ot.)

ktaf

Sap from a perfume tree (Heb.)

ktoret

Burning of incense to create a pleasant fragrance (Deut. 10:33) (Heb.)

kulāhfarangī

Pavilion (STG) (Pers.)

kummathrā

Pear (FN 2:1206–13) (Ar.)

kundur

Frankincense (FN 2:1257–59) (Ar.)

kurunb

Cabbage (Ar.)

kuzbarah

Coriander (Ar.)

kūcha bāgh

Street leading to gardens; kūcha narrow street; lane, slum, row, passage; street, square, marketplace (Pers.)

kūsā

zucchini (Ar.)

kūshk

Palace, villa; castle, citadel (STG) (Pers.)

khalvat khāna

Private chamber, bedroom (F.U.E.D) (B.N) (Urdu)

khalvat khāna

Women’s apartment; any other private apartment (STG) (Pers.)

khalvat sarā

Women’s apartment; place for private prayer (STG) (Pers.)

khamr

Wine (Ar.)

khamr

Wine (Ar.)

khandarūs

The Arabic rendering of the Greek candarus (La. titricum romanum) (Paavilainen, Med. Pharmacotherapy, 655) (Ar.)

khandaq[ah]

Trench, ditch (Ar.)

kharand

Low garden wall; parapet of a gallery (STG) (Pers.)

kharbusta

Prominent part of a roof; eaves (STG) (Pers.)

khardal

Mustard seed (FN 2:795–96) (Ar.)

kharīʿ

Applied to anything soft that easily breaks (Lane, 725) (Ar.)

khargāh

Tent, pavilion, tabernacle; wide and spacious residence; cottage or moveable Turkoman hut or tent, formed by flexible poles, and covered with felt-cloth; sky (STG) (Pers.)

kharmanjī

Tobacco blender (Ot.)

kharnūb, also khurnūb or kharrūb [shajarat al-]

Carob, whereby the tree is divided into two types: wild (barrīy) and Levantine (shāmı̄) (FN 1:184-85); according to Lane, in Iraq the tree is referred to as shajarat al-qiththā al-shāmı̄, not to be confused with Armenian cucumber (qiththā’) (Lane, 717) (Ar.)

kharpushta

Anything elevated in the center and sloping downward at each end; tent; the ninth heaven (STG) (Pers.)

khartshūf

Artichoke (Ar.)

kharū

Feces (Ar.)

kharʿab[ah], kharʿūb[ah]

Said of a branch or twig not yet a year old; fresh, tender, soft (Lane, 725) (Ar.)

khaṣṣ

Lettuce (FN 1:615–19) (Ar.)

khashkhāsh

Poppy (FN 1:531–38) (Ar.)

khavarnaq

Palace built by Nu’mān bin Munzir for king Bahram in Babylonia and alluded to often to imply a magnificent edifice (STG) (Pers.)

khayma

Tent, tabernacle, circular pavilion; khayma-yi arzaq the sky; khayma gāh a camp (STG) (Pers.)

khānī

Fountain, pure water (STG) (Pers.)

khāna

House, dwelling, habitation; tent, pavilion; āyina khāna house or apartment adorned with mirrors (STG) (Pers.)

khāna

House, dwelling (F.U.E.D) (J.N) (Urdu)

khāna/paein bāgh

Literally, house garden. These were built in large havelis and so were for the exclusive use of ladies. This term was used for the first time in the palace garden of Shahjahanabad where such courtyard gardens were rebuilt for the exclusive use of harem (C.C) (S.N) (Urdu)

khilāf [shajarat al-]

A tree known for its bitterness similar to the willow (see ṣafṣāf; salix genus) (FN 1:170–72; Lane, 797). Lane cites that in Zabı̄dı̄’s Tāj al-ʿarūs the Arabs call the khilāf tree by the name sawjar or sawḥar (Ar.)

khirwaʿ [shajarat al-]

Castor-oil plant (FN 1:152–54) (Ar.)

khiṭmī [shajarat al-]

Marsh mallow (FN 1:155–59) (Ar.)

khiyābān

Parterre, flowerbed; avenue (STG) (Pers.)

khiyār

Cucumber (Ibn Mammātī 86), (Ar.)

Khizr

Prophet who discovered and drank of the water of life and became immortal. He figures in Oriental tradition as a vizir of Iskandar, and also as Elias and St. George, on the supposition that the same soul animated them by transmigration. Khizr has spring in his wake, said because the ground on which he places his foot is supposed to be immediately covered with green (STG) (Pers.)

khı̄rı̄

Gillyflower (FN 1:126–29) (Ar.)

khīsh

Coarse linen cloth (STG) (Pers.)

khīshkhāna

A kind of tent constructed with reeds or linen cloth; tent with tatties to keep out the heat (STG) (Pers.)

khīyābān bandī

Laying out avenues (Ain) (Urdu)

khīyābān bandī

Designing the avenues in a garden or city (STG) (Pers.)

khokh

Peach (FN 2:1187–89) (Ar.)

khubbāzī

The mallow family of flowering plants (see also khiṭmī) (Ar.)

khudā

God, master, owner (STG) (Pers.)

Khura, khurra, khura band

Divine illumination; a district of the Persian empire (STG) (Pers.)

khushūdan

To prune a tree (STG) (Pers.)

khuzām, khuzāmā

Lavender (FN 1:139–41) (Ar.)

khvab gah

Sleeping chamber, a sleeping apartment (F.U.E.D) (Urdu)

khyabān

Terraces (tabqas) were divided into chahārbāghs formed by two khyabāns (avenues) intersecting at right angles. These avenues were paved with brick on edge in a variety of geometrical motifs. These motifs were repeated to add to the harmony and balance of the garden design (F.D) (M.G) (Urdu)

lablāb (Ar.)

English ivy; lablab, hyacinth bean (Wehr, 1005) (Ar.)

lala zār

Tulip garden. The Kashmir valley was described as a lalazārduring spring because of its abundant tulips (F.D) (Ba-Na) (Urdu)

lale

Tulip (R) (NA) (TDK-2) (MED) (OSM) (HAY) (LEH) (BAY) (Ot.)

lalelik

Tulip bed, vase for tulips (TEM) (Ot.)

laqqaḥ, yulaqqiḥu

To fertilize, pollinate (Ar.)

lawz[ah]

Almond (FN 2:1178–79) (Ar.)

lālezar

Tulip garden, tulip bed (R) (NA) (TDK) (MED) (OSM) (TEM) (FED) (Ot.)

less

Loess (soil) (Heb.)

liviev

To bloom; blossom; sprout (Heb.)

lı̄nūfar

Water lilies (FN 1:131–33) (Ar.)

lı̄ṭah, lı̄ṭ

Bark, husk (Ar.)

lulav

Twig, palm branch; one of the biblical four species of plants used on the Feast of Tabernacles (Heb.)

lūbīyā

Green beans (Ar.)

lūfā

A plant with a big white base that grows primarily wild in Mesopotamia (FN 1:587–88) (Syr.)

lūla

Canal, tube, siphon (STG) (Pers.)

maavek

Blower for disinfection power (Heb.)

machresha

Plow (Heb.)

machtab

Modern name for a hand sickle (Heb.)

madrega

Agricultural terrace (Heb.)

magal

Sickle; tool with a serrated blade used to cut herbs and corn (Heb.)

magal yad

Pruning sickle, see machtab (Heb.)

magov

Rake; agricultural implement with prongs used to rake corn (Heb.)

magrefa

Rake, for collecting scattered objects to level the soil (Heb.)

magrofit

Portion of the plow that turns up the soil (Heb.)

mahtābī

Lit by the moon; balcony or terrace (for enjoying the moonlight). (STG) (Pers.)

makosh

Modern name for a hoe, one side of the head of which is pointed and the other straight, used to dig stony soils. In antiquity, a pickaxe used to uproot weeds (Heb.)

malgez

Fork; trident (Heb.)

mangul

Knee-shaped tube. (Pers.)

manzil (pl. manazil) gāh

Noun of place and time from the root n-z-l, which expresses the idea of halting, a temporary stay, a stage in a journey. In the terminology of itineraries given by Arab authors, manzil corresponds to the mansio of Latin texts: a halting or resting place. In Mughal architecture, manazil gahis the type of garden where emperors often stopped for a short period of time during their journey. The Wah Gardens provide an example. Abode. (F.D) (A.N) (Urdu)

maraḍ, amrāḍ

Illness, sickness (see also ʿillah) (Ar.)

margh

Name of a grass of which animals are exceedingly fond; garden, particularly one abounding in plants. (STG) (Pers.)

marghzār

Pasture; meadow. It is derived from margh, a kind of grass. (F.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

marghzār

Place abounding with margh; verdant lawn, mead, meadow. (STG) (Pers.)

markadqā

A plant particular to Nineveh (FN 1:637–38) (Syr.)

marsı̄n [shajarat al-]

Myrtle tree (Ibn Mammātı̄, 86) (Ar.)

masdeda

Iron frame with numerous teeth on the bottom side used after plowing to level the ground and break up clumps of soil (Heb.)

masor

Saw (Heb.)

mawistān

Vineyard. (Pers.)

mawz

Banana (Ar.)

maydān

Open field without buildings, an extensive plain; race ground or any place for exercises or walking; arena, parade ground; battlefield; maydān gāh a public square; maydān-i chawgān polo ground; maydān-i asb davānī horse riding ground. (Pers.)

mazlef

Gardener’s bucket with perforated funnel for irrigation (Heb.)

mazmera

Modern name for a two-part pruning shears. In antiquity, a small non-serrated sickle (Heb.)

ma'ader

Hoe (Heb.)

maʿdan (pl. maʿādin)

Mineral (Ar.)

mā’

Water. The following are common adjectives to describe bodies of water: adhibah, sweet; murrah, bitter; māliḥah, salty; radī’ah, stagnant; ʿaṣifah, turbulent; kibrītīyah, sulphuric; raṣāṣīyah, leaden (Ar.)

mādī

Streams in Isfahan. (Pers.)

mercimek

Lentils (Ot.)

mesire

Synonym of mesiregah; promenade, place of excursion. (R) (NA) (Ot.)

mey tehom

Groundwater (Heb.)

meyve bahçesi

Orchard, fruit garden. (NA) (TRM) (Ot.)

migzazalim

Sheep-wool shears (Heb.)

mimār

Architect, builder. (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

ming

Water pipe, conduit. (STG) (Pers.)

mishmesh

Apricots (Heb.)

mishmish, mushmush

Apricots (FN 2:1184–86) (Ar.)

mı̄nānā abnā

Mesopotamian aquatic plant (FN 1:622–23) (Syr.)

morag

Threshing implement (Heb.)

mudām

Wine (Ar.)

mulūkhiyā

Jew’s mallow (FN 2:1274) (Ar.)

mumallaḥ[ah], māliḥ[ah], mulūḥah

Salty (Ar.)

munazzah, muntanazaha

Open garden space without any enclosure with large planted avenues, generally close to a natural waterway. In classical Arabic, promenades and pleasurable places for gatherings. (Ar.)

munya

Enclosed agricultural domain in al-Andalus belonging to a ruler or high-ranking court dignitary used for aesthetic, economic, and even experimental cultivation. In al-Andalus, called almunya after the fourteenth century. (Ar.)

muqfir[ah]

Barren, desolate (Ar.)

murr [shajarat al-]

Myrrh tree (FN 2:1256–57) (Ar.)

murr[ah], marārah

Bitter (bitterness) (Ar.)

mustanqaʿ

Swamp, bog (Ar.)

muṣṭakā, maṣṭakah

Mastic (Ar.)

nabāṭ, manbiṭ (pl. manābiṭ)

Plants (Ar.)

nabq, also nibq, nabaq, and nabiq

Christ’s Thorn; lotus fruit; lotus blossom (FN 2:1194–98; Lane; Wehr, 1103) (Ar.)

nafal

Clover (see also barsı̄m) (Ar.)

nahr

Stream, canal, watercourse. It is one of the main features particularly in a princely Mughal garden. (F.U.E.D) (Tadhkira Qasā’id) (Urdu)

nahr

Stream, river. (STG) (Pers.)

nakhchīr

Hunting; chase; prey, game, wild beast; place of hunters. (STG) (Pers.)

nakhjīrgāh

Chase, hunting ground. (STG) (Pers.)

nakhlah

Palm tree (FN 2:1339–1453) (Ar.)

nakhlband

Maker of artificial flowers; gardener; one who moulds figures of trees or fruits in wax. (STG) (Pers.)

nakhlistān

Palm plantation. (STG) (Pers.)

namakdān

Salt cellar. (STG) (Pers.)

naqāra khāna

Porch where the royal drum kettles are beaten at stated intervals. (STG) (Pers.)

nard

One of the perfumes mentioned in the Bible (Nardostachys jatamansi) (Heb.)

nasrīn

Jonquil (FN 1:136–37) (Ar.)

nasheman

Pavilion, residence, resting place. (F.D) (B.S) (Urdu)

nawʿ (anwāʿ)

Type, variant (see also Ot. and Per. nevʿ, envāʿ) (Ar.)

nazargah

Place for sightseeing. (Ot.)

nazır

Person who watches (R); gardener, guard of garden and vineyard. (VLD) (Ot.)

naʿnaʿ

Mint (FN 2:771–75) (Ar.)

nār

Pomegranate (Per./Ot.)

nāranj [shajarat al-]

Bitter orange (FN 1:177–78; Wehr, 1099) (Ar.)

nārinjistān

Orangery; conservatory. (STG) (Pers.)

nātır (natr)

Synonym of natur; watchman of a garden or vineyard (R) (FED); vineyard guard, gardener. (HAY) (MÜN) (Ot.)

nāūra

Synonym of naure; waterwheel, machine for raising water for irrigation. (R) (RTK) (MÜK) (CUD) (NAC) (Ot.)

nebatat bahçesi

Botanical garden. (R) (HAY) (MED) (KUB) (Ot.)

neger

Runoff (water) (Heb.)

neshila, neshira

Shedding, sloughing (Heb.)

nesteren-zar

Rose garden. (KUB) (Ot.)

netia'a

Planting (Heb.)

netzer

Stem, shoot (Heb.)

neve-midbar

Oasis (Heb.)

nevet

Sprout (Heb.)

nevila

Withering, wilting (Heb.)

nevāīr

Waterwheels for irrigation. (FED) (Ot.)

nevātīr

Guards of a vegetable garden. (FED) (OSM) (Ot.)

nikush

Weeding with a tool (Heb.)

nir

Plowed field (Heb.)

nirjis

Narcissus (FN 1:133–35; Ibn Mammātı̄, 86) (Ar.)

nitzan

Bud (Heb.)

noy

Beauty (Heb.)

ol

Yoke (Heb.)

omer

Small sheaf (Heb.)

ona

Season (Heb.)

orman

Forest (Ot.)

pal

Field with a raised border. (STG) (Pers.)

pamuk

Cotton (Ot.)

panjar

Beet, sugar beet (see also Ar. bancar) (Ot.)

parag

Poppy (Heb.)

parīz

Herb growing on the banks of rivers. (STG) (Pers.)

parag

Poppy (Heb.)

parchīn

Briar hedge; thorn placed on a wall as a fence; shed; hovel constructed of sticks, leaves, etc. (STG) (Pers.)

pardīs

Paradise (neologism from English). (Pers.)

parda

Curtain; partition between two rooms; fence or wall dividing fields; parda sarā pavilion. (STG) (Pers.)

pardes

Orchard (Heb.)

parkhaw-kardan

Pruning of trees. (STG) (Pers.)

parpar

Butterfly (Heb.)

parvār

Summer house latticed on all sides to admit air; turret open on all sides; planks for roofing a house. (STG) (Pers.)

pasāk

Garland of flowers. (STG) (Pers.)

pasānidan

To irrigate. (STG) (Pers.)

patlıcan

Aubergine, eggplant (Ot.)

payvand

To graft. (STG) (Pers.)

pād

Guardian; throne; power; great. (STG) (Pers.)

pādarbān

Gatehouse. (Pers.)

pādikāna

High roof; window. (STG) (Pers.)

pādshāh

Emperor, sovereign, monarch, king. (STG) (Pers.)

pālīz

Kitchen garden; seed field; melon ground. (STG) (Pers.)

pālīzbān

Gardener. (STG) (Pers.)

pālakāna

High roof, window. (STG) (Pers.)

pālkāna

High roof, window. (STG) (Pers.)

pāshuya

Water channel around a basin. (MUN) (Pers.)

pāyāb

Well, any shallow stone reservoir of water easy of access; bottom of a pond or a body of water. (STG) (Pers.)

peqa'at

Bulb (Heb.)

perach

Flower (Heb.)

pered

Mule (Heb.)

pereg

Poppy, poppy seed (Heb.)

peri

Fruit (Heb.)

pevand kāri

Grafting. (S.B) (Urdu)

pichkam

Court, audience hall; house whose sides are latticed; summer house. (STG) (Pers.)

pitriyah

Mushroom (Heb.)

pīrāstan

To prune; to adorn, decorate, embellish (especially by cutting, clipping, or taking away); bustān pīrā bāgh pīrā gardener. (STG) (Pers.)

pīshtāq

Palace gate. (Pers.)

poreh

Fertile, productive (Heb.)

pore'ach

Flowering (Heb.)

pul

Bridge. (STG) (Pers.)

pulvan

Raised path or balk round a field. (STG) (Pers.)

qalamistān

Land in which qalamah, branches cut from plants to be replanted, are laid on the ground (Pers.)

qalīyūṭı̄

A type of leek (FN 1:564) (Ar.)

qamḥ

Wheat (see also ḥinṭah) (Ar.)

qanāt

Irrigation; subterranean canal (STG) (Pers.)

qanṭarah, qanātir

Arched bridge, stone bridge; vault, arch, archway; archway, arcade; aches, aqueduct, viaduct (Lane, 2568; Wehr, 927) (Ar.)

qarāḥ

Clear water (see also rawā’) (Ar.)

qarāṣiyā, also qarāsiyā

Prunes (FN 2:1199–1200; Wehr, 882) (Ar.)

qarʿ

Gourd, pumpkin (Wehr, 887) (Ar.); qarʿ baladı̄ and qarʿ ʿaslı̄, common yellow gourd (Ar.); qarʿ ẓurūf, bottle gourd, calabash (Eg. Ar.); qarʿ kūsı̄, zucchini (Syr. Ar.)

qasr

Castle, citadel, palace, villa, any imposing building or structure. (STG) (Pers.)

qaṣı̄f

Weak, fragile, or sappy plant (see also rayyān) (Lane, Suppl., 2989) (Ar.)

qat

Khat (Catha edulis); a leafy plant that is consumed primarily in Yemen (Ar.)

qaṭā

Sand grouse (Ar.)

qaṭı̄ʿah

A portion of land held in fee (Lane, Suppl., 2990) (Ar.)

qaṭṭānī

Any type of legume, including wheat, barley, raisin, or date (Ibn Mammātī, 201) (Ar.)

qayqab

Maple (FN 2:1243; Wehr, 942) (Ar.)

qārı̄thā [shajarat al-]

A tree similar to the sumac, but which is bigger and more widespread in Mesopotamia, the leaves of which also resembling those of the olive tree (FN 2:1263) (Ar.)

qinū, aqnā’

Bunch of dates (Ar.)

qirmiz [shajarat al-]

A tree alien to Mesopotamia (bābil) that originates in Greece and the leaves of which resemble that of the leaves of the ballūṭ tree (either oak, common ash, or walnut) (FN 1:174–76; Lane, 249); not to be confused with qirmiz (kermes), the coccus ilicis insect, from which crimson dye is made (Ar.)

qirṭ

A type of leek (see also karrāth) (Ibn Mammātī, 201) (Ar.)

qiththā’

Armenian cucumber (Ar.)

qunnab, also qinnab and qinnabī

Hemp (see also ḥashīsh) (Ar.)

qunnabīṭ

Cauliflower (Ar.)

qurunful

Clove (Ar.)

qusṭ [shajarat al-]

Non-fruit-producing tree known for its perfume, the bark of which can be used as incense (FN 2:1251; Lane, 2523) (Ar.)

rakbuvit

Organic plant material that has disintegrated into the soil (Heb.)

ravāq

A house resembling a tent being supported on one pillar; a curtain stretched like a canopy before a tent or the door of a house; portico; porch; gallery in front of a house; a lofty building resting on columns. (STG) (Pers.)

ravz, ravza (pl. riyāz)

Garden, meadow, oasis in a desert (R) (SÜL) (FED); garden (YED) garden, meadow (YUS); garden, meadow, with water and flowers, heaven (SUK); garden, the place of prophet Muhammed’s tomb (Ravza-i Mutahhara) (MEV) (OSM) (MÜK) (CUD) (LEH) (RTK) (NAC); garden, meadow, with water and lawn, heaven. (KUB) (Ot.)

rawda, rawd

Park, cemetery. (Ar.)

rawza

Kitchen or flower garden. (STG) (Pers.)

rayāḥı̄n

Aromatic plants (FN 1:240) (Ar.)

rayḥān

Basil (see also sīsanbar) (Ibn Mammātı̄, 86; Lane, 1181) (Ar.)

rayyā

A sweet odor (Lane, 1196) (Ar.)

rayyān (also riwā’)

Well irrigated; succulent, juicy, sappy (Lane 1196; Wehr 429) (Ar.)

rāgh

Lower part of a mountain, mountain slope; pleasant verdant meadow; villa, summer house; bāgh va rāgh gardens and villas. (STG) (Pers.)

rāḥ

Wine (Ar.)

rāsin

A plant resembling ginger (Lane, 1086), though this association is not in any way indicated by Ibn Waḥshīyah (FN 1:560–62) (Ar.)

regev

Clod of soil (Heb.)

revia'a

Rainy season (from Arabic) (Heb.)

ridud

Flattening and pressing down soil (Heb.)

riyād

Garden enclosed within the high walls of a residence. In Marrakech and Fez there are three main types according to the organization of the enclosure, the location of the residential building and the form of the interior garden. In Morocco, the grass-covered enclosure of a Muslim cemetery, evocative of paradise. (Ar.)

rībās

Rhubarb (Ar.)

rochev

Branch of a superior fruit tree used in propagation (Heb.)

roglit

Grapevine that trails along the ground (Heb.)

rumān

Pomegranate (Ar.)

sabakh

Dung, manure; fertilizer (Ar.)

sabaṭ

The term applied to the fresh sort of the plant known as the ḥalı̄y, which grows in the sands; it produces no flowers or thorns, its leaves being thin and similar to that of the leek (see karrāth); term used to designate whatever has dried and turned white (Dīnawarī, 27; Lane, 1295) (Ar.)

sabikhah

As applied to arable land (see arḍ), a tract of land that exudes water and produces salt; salt land or earth (Lane, 1292) (Ar.)

sabīkh

cotton, wool; soft hair (Lane I, 1292) (Ar.)

sabsab (pl. sabāsib)

Desert wasteland (Wehr, 458); also a species of tree from which Arabian bows are made (Dīnawarī, 27) (Ar.)

sabza maydān

The sky. (STG) (Pers.)

sabzazār

Verdant meadow. (Pers.)

sabzjāy

Green place. (Pers.)

sadeh

Area of land intended for cultivation (Heb.)

sadeh beit shalchin

Field irrigated by artificial means (Heb.)

sadhāb

Rue (see also fayjal) (FN 1:37, 2:786–94; Dı̄nawarı̄, 33; Lane, 1337) (Ar.)

sadma

Field of wheat or a vineyard (Heb.)

safarjal

Quince (FN 2:1214–19; Dīnawarī, 39; Lane, 1372) (Ar.)

safsal

Bench (Heb.)

sajam

A tree with broad leaves (Dīnawarī, 29) (Ar.)

sajā

A plant, the leaves of which are used when planting radish; the leaves are also used to treat indigestion (Dīnawarī, 28) (Ar.)

sakab [shajarat al-]

A sweet smelling tree, the scent of which is similar to the perfume khaluq, and which is planted in valleys; anemone (Dīnawarī, 40; Lane, 1388; Wehr, 486) (Ar.)

sakhbar [shajarat al-]

A species of panic grass (gharaz) and its growth is like that of the sweet rush called idhkhar (Dīnawarī, 31; Lane, 1323) (Ar.)

sakhā’ah

An herb that grows on a singular stalk, similar to the spikenard, and its seeds are like that of bean clover (Dīnawarī, 31) (Ar.)

sakkū

Sofa, bench, garden seat. (STG) (Pers.)

sal

Basket (Heb.)

salab [shajarat al-]

A type of tall tree, which is taken and laid beneath hot ashes, which is taken and laid beneath hot ashes (yumallu) and is then split into white strips similar to palm fibers (layf) out of which then rope is fashioned (Dīnawarī, 42; Lane, 1399) (Ar.)

salaq

A smooth, even tract of good soil (Lane, 1410) (Ar.)

salisah

A certain herb bearing a resemblance to the plant known as naṣı̄y, except that it has seeds similar to that of sult (Dı̄nawarı̄, 43; Lane, 1405) (Ar.)

salı̄khah [shajarat al-]

A small tree with perfumed bark which can also be used for cooking; Chinese cinnamon tree (FN 2:1252; Lane, 1404; Wehr, 491) (Ar.)

saljam, salājim

Rapeseed or turnip (FN 1:543–52; Dı̄nawarı̄, 43; Lane, 1402; Wehr, 490) (Ar.)

salq

Red beet (Lane, 1410); a variety of chard (FN 1:607–14; Wehr, 494) (Ar.)

salsabil

A hapax legomenon in the Qurʾān and one of the names of the celestial rivers therein mentioned (Q 76:18) (Ar.)

salʿ

A type of vine similar to the sanʿabuq, except that it grows near trees, has no leaves and creates a kind of lattice network along branches (Dı̄nawarı̄, 44; Lane, 1407) (Ar.)

samallaḥ

A type of grass that grows in meadows (Dı̄nawarı̄, 48) (Ar.)

samlaj

A type of grass that grows in meadows (Dı̄nawarı̄, 48) (Ar.)

samm (pl. sumūm)

Poison (Ar.)

samsaq

Jasmine (Dı̄nawarı̄, 47) (Ar.)

samurah (pl. samur) [shajarat al-]

A type of tree known for small leaves, short thorns, and yellow fruits (barmah) similar to the fruit of the ʿiḍāh tree which men eat (Dı̄nawarı̄, 46; Lane, 1425) (Ar.)

sarā

Palace, mansion. (STG) (Pers.)

sarā parda

Curtain, especially at the door of a royal palace or pavilion; wall of canvas surrounding a cluster of tents; royal court; women enclosed in the seraglio; sarā parda gushūdan to open the royal tent; sarā parda-yi jahān the sky. (STG) (Pers.)

sarābūstān

Garden adjoining a house. (STG) (Pers.)

sarāy

House, palace, grand edifice, king’s court, seraglio; sarāy-i baqā mansion of eternity, the other world; sarāy-i surūr tavern, paradise. (STG) (Pers.)

sarā’ah (pl. sarā’)

A species of tree from which Arabian bows are made (Dı̄nawarı̄, 34) (Ar.)

sardar

Lintel of a door. (STG) (Pers.)

sarīr

Throne. (STG) (Pers.)

sarḥah (pl. sarḥ) [shajarat al-]

A very large tree which people often sit under for shade (Dı̄nawarı̄, 25) (Ar.)

sarmaq

Potentially Chenopodium or Atriplex hortensis (Dı̄nawarı̄, 36; Freytag, 2:311) (Ar.)

sarū [shajarat al-]

Cypress (Ar.)

sarv

Cypress tree; fir tree. (STG) (Pers.)

sarvistān

A place abounding with cypresses. (STG) (Pers.)

saṭṭāḥ

Creeping vine (Dı̄nawarı̄, 36; Lane, 1357) (Ar.)

sawlaʿ

Bitter aloe (Ar.)

sawsan

Lily or iris (Dı̄nawarı̄, 54; FN 1:129–31; Ibn Mammātı̄, 86) (Ar.)

saykarān

Technical term applied to plants that remain green throughout the summer (Dı̄nawarı̄, 57) (Ar.)

saʿaf (pl. suʿūf)

Dried palm branch, including the fronds (see also Ar. shaṭabah) (Ar.)

saʿdān

Thorns of the palm tree (Dı̄nawarı̄, 38–39) (Ar.)

saʿı̄ṭ

The oil of the mustard seed (khardal); also the oil of horseradish (bān); also used to describe a sweet or pleasant odor, such as that of wine (Dı̄nawarı̄, 39; Lane, 1364) (Ar.)

sābāt

Covered passage connecting two houses. (STG) (Pers.)

sāj, sījān [shajarat al-]

Teak, Indian oak (Dı̄nawarı̄, 25; Wehr, 454) (Ar.)

sālikh [shajarat al-]

A synonym for the ḥamḍ tree without leaves (khūṣah) (Dı̄nawarı̄, 26) (Ar.)

sāsib [shajarat al-]

A species of tree from which Arabian bows are made (Dı̄nawarı̄, 25) (Ar.)

sāsim [shajarat al-]

A species of tree from which Arabian bows are made (Dı̄nawarı̄, 25–26) (Ar.)

sāyabān

Canopy, parasol; a shade formed by foliage or by any other projection; tent, pavilion. (STG) (Pers.)

sebze bahçesi

Vegetable garden (NA); truck garden. (TRM) (Ot.)

sebzelik

Vegetable garden. (MED) (ARK) (TRM) (ARK) (KUB) (Ot.)

sebzezar

Kitchen garden, green field. (R) (Ot.)

sela

Rock (Heb.)

semadar

Nascent fruit (Heb.)

setli bahçe

Hanging gardens, terraced gardens. (NA) (ARS) (TRM) (Ot.)

seyremek

To plant seedlings in the garden. (TRM) (Ot.)

sibistān [shajarat al-]

Cordia (Dīnawarī, 27) (Ar.)

sid

Lime (Heb.)

sidrā

Lote tree (Q 53:14, 16; Dı̄nawarı̄, 32) (Ar.)

siḥā’ah [shajarat al-]

A low-growing tree with tiny thorns and from which a particular type of honey is made (Dīnawarī, 29) (Ar.)

sijillāṭ

According to Dīnawarī, this is another term for jasmine (Dīnawarī, 29) (Ar.)

sikul

Clearing, removal of stones from the field (Heb.)

silq

Beet, especially of the red variety (Lane, 1410) (Ar.)

simsim

Sesame (FN 1:524–27; Dı̄nawarı̄, 47–48) (Ar.)

sindiyān [shajarat al-]

Holm oak tree (FNI 2:1247–48) (Ar.)

sineç

Hedge; fence around the gardens and vineyard. (TRM) (Ot.)

siper çiti

Protection hedge, fence. (TRM) (Ot.)

sı̄nı̄nah [shajarat al-]

A type of tree (Dı̄nawarı̄, 57) (Ar.)

sı̄sbānā

Either the Cordia flower or the Abraham’s balm (monk’s pepper) tree (FN 1:529-28) (Syr.)

sı̄sanbar

A type of sweet basil (see also rayḥān), otherwise known as al-nammām (Dīnawarī, 56) (Ar.)

sı̄yāsādūrā

Mesopotamian plant common found in and around Nineveh (FN 1:621–22) (Syr.)

soba

Hothouse. (R) (NA) (HAY) (Ot.)

soch

Large branch (Heb.)

sofa

Raised flower bed (R) (MED) (ARS); sofa to sit on in gardens. (İNŞ) (Ot.)

soreg

Grate, barrier (Heb.)

subāṭah

Bunch, raceme of a palm tree; cluster of fruit (Lane, 1295; Wehr, 458) (Ar.)

su dolabı

Noria, waterwheel (R); wheel for raising water. (ARS) (TRM) (TEM) (Ot.)

suf

Reed, a plant that rows along streams and swamps (typha) (Heb.)

suffa

Sofa, bench; dais, estrade, or raised floor; covered place for reclining in front of the the doors of houses or mosques. (STG) (Pers.)

sukarah

(Ar.)

sukkah

Tabernacle (Heb.)

sukkar

Sugar (Dı̄nawarı̄, 41; Lane, 1391) (Ar.)

Sukkoth

Feast of Tabernacles, when the crops are being harvested (Heb.)

sulam

Ladder (Heb.)

sullaj [shajarat al-]

A type of tree or bush similar or related to the ḥamḍ tree, which grows quite large, and resembles the tails of the ḍubāb lizards, perhaps due to its green color and thorns; camels eat it (Dı̄nawarı̄, 42; Lane, 1401) (Ar.)

sullā’

The prickles of the palm tree (Lane, 1398) (Ar.)

sult

A type of barley without husk that is planted in the land of the Arabs (Dīnawarī, 42; Lane, 1401) (Ar.)

summāq [shajarat al-]

Sumac (FN 2:1262; Dı̄nawarı̄, 46) (Ar.)

sumnah

A grass with leaves and stalks, slightly tinged white (Dı̄nawarı̄, 48) (Ar.)

sunbul[ah], sanābil and sunbulāt

Ear, spike of grain (Ar.)

sunbul hindī

Indian spikenard (Lane, 1440; Wehr, 506) (Ar.)

sunbul rūmı̄

Celtic spikenard (Lane, 1440; Wehr, 506) (Ar.)

sunbul al-ṭı̄b

Indian nard (Ar.)

suqm (asqām)

Disease (Ar.)

sutun āvand

Portico a veranda supported by a single column. (STG) (Pers.)

syafa

Last and poorest crop (Heb.)

suʿādā

A type of cypress (suʿd) (Dı̄nawarı̄, 37) (Ar.)

suʿd [shajarat al-]

Cypress (FN 1:629–32; Dı̄nawarı̄, 37–38; Lane, 1361; Wehr, 478) (Ar.)

ṣabā

Easterly wind (Ar.)

ṣabir or ṣabr

Aloe (Ar.)

ṣaliʿa yaṣlaʿu al-ṣalaʿ

To fall (leaves, buds, fruits) (Ar.)

ṣanawbar

Pine nut (FN 2:1222–23) (Ar.)

ṣandal

Sandalwood (Ar.)

ṣāḥib-i tukhm

Title awarded to the most successful grower of new flower types in the Ottoman empire, primarily at the height of tulip-mania (Ot.)

ṣubār, also ṣubbayr

Prickly pear; Indian fig (Ar.)

shabām

(Ar.)

shabāriq [shajarat al-]

A tall tree, the leaves of which are course like the leaves of a berry tree (Dı̄nawarı̄, 58–59) (Ar.)

shabbāk

A type of plant similar to the dalbūth, except that it is larger in size (Ar.)

shabistān

Bed; bedchamber. (STG) (Pers.)

shabīh

Name given to a vegetable similar to lūbīyā (green beans) that is planted generally in December in Mesopotamia (FN 1:595–96) (Syr.)

shajarah, shajar, or ashjār

Tree, shrub, bush (Ar.)

shamar, also shamrah

Fennel (Wehr, 567) (Ar.)

shamāl

North; the north wind (Ar.)

shaqed

almond (Heb.)

sharbīn [shajarat al-]

Cedar: variety of juniper tree (FN 2:1229–30; Wehr, 541) (Ar.)

shatil

Sapling (Heb.)

shatuniyyah

The litter or organic remnant/detritus (see ithr) of what has been irrigated or was unsown the previous year (Ibn Mammātī, 202) (Ar.)

shaṭabah (pl. shaṭabāt)

Lush palm branch (Ar.)

shawk, ashwāk

Thorns (Ar.)

shādurvān

Large veil, curtain, or tapestry suspended before the gate of a royal palace; projecting roof; cornice; eaves; a kind of variously ornamented and moveable Turkoman house. (STG) (Pers.)

shāh

King, sovereign, emperor, monarch, prince. (STG) (Pers.)

shāhjūy

Grand channel. (Pers.)

shāhnishīn

Seat of the king, i.e. a gallery or balcony projecting from the palace, where the king shows himself to his people; a balcony gallery, portico, or similar projection. (STG) (Pers.)

shākhsār

Full of branches, abounding in trees; the extremity of a branch. (Pers.)

shāmiāna

Tent; canopy. Tents remained an important element in Mughal lives. Tents were pitched in gardens to provide shelter in good weather and for the enjoyment of outdoor activities. Tents were also seen in the chihl sutuns above the royal seat on important occasions. These shāmianās provided shelter for the nobility as well as decorative accent. (F.D) (Urdu)

shibolet

Elongated flowering head of a plant such as wheat or barley (Heb.)

shided

Crumbled the top layer of soil; loosened with a harrow (Heb.)

shoresh

Root (Heb.)

shoshan

Lily (Heb.)

shuturgalū

Underground water tubes shaped like the neck of a camel. (Pers.)

shūmkarrāth

A Mesopotamian vegetable similar to the Syrian leek and also similar to an onion (FN 1:583-84) (Syr.)

şadırvan

Fountain of water (with a jet in the middle); reservoir with faucets at the sides for ablution, usually attached to a mosque (R) (NA) (ARS) (Ot.)

şeftalı

Peach (Ot.)

şeytansaçı

Hemp (Ot.)

şükūfe

Flower (Ot.)

şükūfebāşi

Chief flower gardener at the Sublime Porte (Ot.)

şükūfeci (pl. şükūfejiyān)

Florist (Ot.)

tabgh

tobacco (see also tütün) (Ar.)

tabn, also tibn

Straw, stalk, and/or stem (Ar.)

tabqa

Story; floor; stage. (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)

tafarrujgāh

Delightful place for recreation (as a garden, meadow, or theater). (STG) (Pers.)

taielet

Promenade (Heb.)

tajar

Winter house. (STG) (Pers.)

takhrīj

A kind of loggia. (MUN) (Pers.)

takht

Seat where two or more persons could sit, relax, or chat; sitting platform. These could be in the interior or exterior of the house. The design of the takht depended upon the position/title of the user. Takht-e-taus (Peacock Throne) was the most elaborate among all indoor takhts of the Mughal period. Its background walls were decorated with pietra dura work using most precious stones. Wooden takhts were portable and could be placed anywhere in a garden; later, these takhts were built with different materials such as marble. (T.L) (Urdu)

takht

Royal throne, chair of state; seat, sofa; bed; any place raised above the ground for sleeping, sitting, or reclining; a capital; the royal residence. (STG) (Pers.)

takhtgāh

Place of the throne; seat of the king. (MUN) (Pers.)

takman

A small portion of a garden, small garden. (TRM) (Ot.)

takya

Place of repose; alcove; pillow; anything upon which one leans. (STG) (Pers.)

tal

Dew (Heb.)

tamar

Date fruit (Ar.)

tamar

Date tree (Heb.)

tamar

Tree of the palm family, the fruit of which has the same name (Song of Sol. 7:7–8) (Heb.)

tamarhindī

Tamarind (Ibn Mammātī, 82) (Ar.)

tanabī

Open-fronted summer room; parlor or dining room. (STG) (Pers.)

tanbūsha

Earthenware tube through which water passes. (Pers.)

tannūb [shajarat al-]

Fir tree (FN 2:1225–26) (Ar.)

tapuakh

apple (Heb.)

tarah

Layout. (B.K.) (Bayaz) (Urdu)

tarah ārāi

Designing, Layout planning. (Urdu)

tarak

Rake, harrow. (R) (TRM) (ARS) (LEH) (YTL) (Ot.)

taraklamak

To rake, to harrow. (R) (TDK) (HAY) (LEH) (Ot.)

tarh

Flowerbed; garden border (R) (NA); place set aside to plant flowers. (TDK) (MED) (ARK) (FED) (KUB) (Ot.)

tavīla

Stable. (STG) (Pers.)

tābdān

Window; skylight. (STG) (Pers.)

tābkhāna

Hothouse; winter habitation; warm bath; summer quarters; greenhouse. (STG) (Pers.)

tālāb

Pond, pool; reservoir of water. (F.U.E.D) (Urdu)

tālār

Bedchamber or saloon, built of wood and supported by four columns; throne. (STG) (Pers.)

tāq-i bustān

Loggia. (Pers.)

tāqcha

Shelf or niche. Tāqchas are generally constructed in places where lamps are placed, such as sāvan bhādon and baradaris. Both functional and decorative. They are designed to hold oil lamps or simply to add depth to an otherwise bare wall. One of the beautiful examples of taqchas may be seen in the baradaris on the bank of Ana Sagar lake at Ajmer. (T.L) (Urdu)

tāra

Cupola; circular wooden building. (STG) (Pers.)

tārum

Circular wooden building with an arched roof; dome; roof; palisade to exclude people from a garden. (STG) (Pers.)

tāv khāna

Hothouse, conservatory; bath; summer residence; summer quarters for soldiers. (STG) (Pers.)

tāzh

Tent, pavilion of cotton or muslin. (STG) (Pers.)

tekke

Dervish lodge. (R) (Ot.)

telem

Furrow (Heb.)

teneh

Wicker basket; fruit basket (Heb.)

teresh

Rock (Heb.)

teva

Nature (Heb.)

tevuah

General name for all cultivated foods (Heb.)

te’enah

Fig (Heb.)

tırmık

Rake, harrow. (R) (LEH) (Ot.)

tia'a

Planting (Heb.)

tichuach

Loosening the soil by raking or plowing (Heb.)

tiltan

Clover (Heb.)

tilul

Creating mounds of soil around the bases of trees (Heb.)

tin

Clay; silt; mud (Heb.)

tirmis or turmus

Lupine (Ar.)

tiuve

Improvement of the soil (Heb.)

tīn

Fig (Ar.)

topographia

Topography (Heb.)

toprak

Soil, earth (Ot.)

tsnon

Radish (Heb.)

tufāḥ

Apple (FN 2:1219–21) (Ar.)

tuff

Tuff, tufa (Heb.)

tukhm

Seed (Ot.)

tundidan, tandidan

To put forth flowers, buds, or leaves (trees). (STG) (Pers.)

turāb

Dirt (Ar.)

turfanda

Early fruits or vegetables. (R) (NA) (TDK) (DGA) (HAY) (Ot.)

turfandalık

Garden or field for growing early fruits and vegetables. (R) (TDK) (TRM) (KUB) (TEM) (Ot.)

turi'ia

Hoe (Heb.)

turra

Coping of a wall. (STG) (Pers.)

tuvāra

Thorns fixed on a wall; straw hut in which keepers of vineyard take shelter. (STG) (Pers.)

türbe

Tomb, grave, mausoleum. (R) (Ot.)

tūt

Berry (FN 2:1221–22) (Ar.)

tūt

Strawberry (Heb.)

tütün

Tobacco (see also tabagh) (Ot.)

tvuot choref

? (Heb.)

tza'yid

Hunt (Heb.)

tzartzar

Cricket (Heb.)

tzel

Shade (Heb.)

tzemach

Plant (Heb.)

tzfarde'a

Frog (Heb.)

tzinor

Hose, pipe (Heb.)

tzipor

Bird (Heb.)

tziporen

One of the incense plants used at the Temple (eugenia caryophyllata) (Heb.)

tzira'a

Hornet (Heb.)

tznon

Radish (Heb.)

tzome'ach

Vegetation (Heb.)

tzuh

Nectar (Heb.)

tzvi

Deer, gazelle (Heb.)

ṭabīʿah

Nature; physics (see also Heb. teva) (Ar.)

ṭalʿ

Spadix or inflorescence of the palm tree; pollen (Ibn Mammātı̄, 86; Lane, 1869; Wehr, 661) (Ar.)

ṭarīy[ah]

Soft, supple, tender; fresh (Ar.)

ṭarmākī

A seed planted at the same time of wheat (see ḥinṭah), the best season for planting being in late January/early February; it is similar to the jūbı̄thā kuwı̄ (FN 1:517) (Syr.)

ṭı̄b

Goodness, heartiness (as used in reference to soil) (Ar.)

ṭı̄n

Mud, dirt (Ar.)

thamar[ah]

Fruit (Ar.)

tharūmı̄shā

Syriac seed type which supposedly corresponds to a Greek plant transliterated into Arabic as thirṭāniyā (FN 1:517–18) (Syr.)

thumām

Panic grass (see also gharaz) (Ar.)

thūm

Garlic (FN 1:577–81) (Ar.)

thūnīghā

Syriac name for a plant that has a hollow stem and is white, what the Persians call shahdānaj (hemp seed) (FN 1:519–20) (Syr.)

uqḥuwān

Camomile (see also bābūnaj) (FN 1:135–36) (Ar.)

urusī

Sliding window that opens vertically; also used for rooms that have this kind of window. (Pers.)

utāq

Room, chamber, cabin. (STG) (Pers.)

vādīj

Trellis, vine-prop; vine-bud, the place where grapes are hung up; vādij bastan to tie the vine on a pergola. (STG) (Pers.)

wajj

Mesopotamian plant similar to the sawsan (lily or iris) (FN vol. I, 633) (Syr.)

waraqah (pl. awrāq or waraq)

Leaves (Ar.)

wazagh (pl. awzāgh)

Poisonous lizard (Ar.)

wāḥah (pl. wāḥāt)

Oasis (Ar.)

wārā ʿālā

A plant that is foreign to Mesopotamia and supposedly hails from either Greece or Egypt, the shaft of which is similar to hilyawn (asparagus) (FN 1:596–97) (Syr.)

waskh ghālib

Egyptian phrase used to designate land which has been overtaken by plants that have prevented farmers from turning it into productive soil for farming (Ibn Mammātı̄, 203) (Ar.)

waskh muzdaraʿ

Egyptian phrase used to designate land, the soil of which farmers have been unable to properly farm (Ibn Mammātı̄ 203) (Ar.)

yabrūḥ

Mandrake (Ar.)

yagev

Field (Heb.)

yalak

Basin prepared to plant vegetables or fruits. (MER) (Ot.)

yanbūt

Bean clover (Ar.)

yanbūʿ (pl. yanābīʿ)

Spring (Ar.)

yaqtin

Creeping plant of the gourd family (Ar.)

yarak

Vegetable (Heb.)

yarkan

Greengrocer, vegetable grower/dealer (Heb.)

yarok

Green herb (Heb.)

yarok ad

Evergreen plants (Heb.)

yasemin

Jasmine (FN 1:136–37) (Ot.)

yastık

Nursery bed (garden). (R) (ARS) (HAY) (MED) (KUB) (Ot.)

yatak

Nursery bed. (TDK) (Ot.)

ya'ar

Forest (Heb.)

ya'aran

Forester (Heb.)

ya'in

Wine (Heb.)

yābis[ah]

Dry, parched, desiccated, arid; barren (Ar.)

yāsmīn

Jasmine (Ibn Mammātı̄, 86) (Ar.)

yegiva

Fieldwork; crop management (Heb.)

yekev

Wine cellar, wine press (Heb.)

yerakot Choref

Winter vegetable; winter crops (Heb.)

yerek

Green herbs; vegetation; foliage (Heb.)

yevol

Crop (Heb.)

yeynail, yeynan

Wine produre/salesman (Heb.)

yibol

Weeding (Heb.)

yogev

Farmer (Heb.)

yokev

Vineyard owner (Heb.)

yonca

Clover (Ot.)

yurd

Chamber, room, apartment. (STG) (Pers.)

yūlūrı̄thā

A Syriac name for a seed or grain from the plant genus also known in Syriac as kalbā (FN 1:515–16) (Syr.)

yūrt

Resting place, station, abode, mansion; encampment. (STG) (Pers.)

zabal, also zabbal or zibl

(Fresh) dung, manure, especially of solid-hoofed animals; compost (Lane, 1212); (Ar.)

zabı̄l, also zabbı̄ıl or zanbı̄l (pl. azbāl)

Basket of palm leaves (Lane, 1212) (Ar.)

zanjabīl

Ginger (FN 1:636; Lane, 1256) (Ar.)

zanzalakht [shajarat al-]

China tree (Wehr, 445) (Ar.)

zarnab [shajarat al-]

A bitter-smelling, perfumed tree primarily found in Syria (FN 2:1247; Lane, 1228) (Ar.)

zaytūn

Olive (FN 1:12–53, 2:1183–84) (Ar.)

zevel, zaval

Dung or other animal excrement or decayed organic or mineral remains used as fertilizer; the name of the person who fertilizes a field (Heb.)

zibul

Fertilization (Heb.)

zimra

Best fruit; the pick of the crop (Heb.)

zunbūr

Hornet; wasp (see also Ar. dabbūr) (Ar.)

zuʿrūr [shajarat al-]

Azarole, Neapolitan medlar (FN 1:165–67; Wehr, 438) (Ar.)

zvula

Digging tool (Heb.)

zvurit

Barren or poor quality soil (Heb.)

ʿabāl

A variety of wild rose; eglantine (Wehr, 688) (Ar.)

ʿadas (ʿadasāt)

Lentils (see also Heb. ʿadashah) (Ar.)

ʿafis[ah]

Pungent, putrid (Ar.)

ʿanavah

Berry (Heb.)

ʿarʿar

Juniper (Juniperus) (Ar.)

ʿaqqār (pl. ʿaqāqı̄r)

medicinal materials (Ar.)

ʿawsaj

Boxthorn (FN 1:191–93; Wehr, 769) (Ar.)

ʿiḍāh [shajarat al-]

Any great trees or bushes having thorns (Lane, 2076) (Ar.)

ʿillah, ʿilal

Illness, sickness (applied to both mammals and plants; see also maraḍ) (Ar.)

ʿinab

Grape (Ar.)

ʿuslūj, ʿasālīj

Soft green rods or twigs (Ar.)

ʿı̄shūm [shajarat al-]

A tree or bush that is unknown to Ibn Waḥshiyyah by name or description; it is also foreign to Mesopotamia. It reaches a height of 2.5 arms, exudes a nice perfume similar to that of the cypress (suʿd), and has tiny red flowers similar to the rāzı̄ flower (FN 1:176) (Ar.)

ʿubub

Waters pouring forth copiously (Lane I, 1932) (Ar.)

ʿunbab

Abundance of water (Lane I, 1932) (Ar.)

ʿushar [shajarat al-]

A tree or bush that, according to the Ibn Waḥshīyah, is cultivated and found only in the hottest of Arab countries (e.g., Hijaz, Najd, and their environs), as well as in Ceylon (Ar. Sarandīb); from its sap a bitter sugar known as ʿushar sugar is made and it “very suitable for the stomach” (FN 1:172–73). For a more diverse account of the description of the tree, including its categorization under the type of tree/shrub ʿiḍāḥ, see Lane, 2051 (Ar.)

ʿushb

Herbs (Ar.)

ʿuṣbah

Vine (Ar.)

ʿuṭlub

A subterranean fungus (FN 1:603–4) (Syr.)

ʿunnāb

Jujube (FN 2:1191–94; Lane, 2167; Wehr, 759) (Ar.)

ʿurjūn (ʿarājı̄n)

Date palm branch with date cluster (Wehr, 704) (Ar.)

ʿūd

Wood, timber (Ar.)