Archnet is an Open Access resource, provided to the public to facilitate cultural understanding and excellence in both scholarship and practice. Content from Archnet.org may not be published, displayed, or appropriated for commercial use without the expressed written permission of the copyright holder. Unless otherwise noted, Archnet material is available for instructional, nonprofit use, and personal use on the terms of a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International</a> (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. Please contact Archnet to request permission to use the Archnet.org website and its contents beyond the scope outlined above. High-resolution images may be available by contacting us using <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>. The content available on Archnet, including but not limited to information, text, graphics, logos, and multimedia related to the the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture’</a>s programmes, such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/54" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Historic Cities Programme</a>, the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/848" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/132" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Music Programme</a>, may be protected by copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights and laws, whether owned by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, its affiliates, or third parties. Unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, modification, or display of this content is strictly prohibited without the express written permission of the respective copyright or trademark holder. Violation of this prohibition may result in legal penalties.

Terms of use

Archnet is a community powered resource that provides ready access to visual and textual material to facilitate teaching, scholarship, and professional work of high quality.&nbsp;This unparalleled resource continues to grow with both the addition of historic archives and documentation on contemporary trends shaping the built environment today.&nbsp;To better serve you, our user, in the study of art and architecture of Muslim societies, we continue to build our vast collection of sites, publications, images, and videos. We invite your involvement, particularly in the areas below:<ul><li>To ensure a high level of scholarly content and accuracy in the information provided, we appreciate your expert feedback and, more importantly, your contributions.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Please send comments, corrections, commendations, and other feedback to <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>If you find sites on Archnet to which you can contribute in compelling and meaningful ways, your generosity is most welcome. If you would be interested in contributing research, publications or other media to Archnet, please contact us using <a href="about:blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;</li><li>We welcome the donation of select archives based on our current editorial policies and priorities.&nbsp;If you have a collection you would like to bring to the attention of Archnet's editors, please send an email to: <a href="http://mailto: archnet-submission@mit.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet-submission@mit.edu</a>.</li><li>Occasionally, Archnet editors issue calls for contributions on specific themes or of particular types of material. Follow those on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">website of AKDC@MIT </a>or <a href="https://mailchi.mp/17fc345bbd94/archnetakdc-updates" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">subscribe to our mailing list</a>.</li></ul>The breadth, depth and quality of Archnet is only possible through the generosity of numerous institutions and individuals listed on the respective pages throughout the site.&nbsp;We thank you for your generosity!

Contribute

<h2>ARCHNET FAQ</h2>1. Will ARCHNET work on my device?Archnet works well on the most recent version of any major browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), either on a mobile device or computer. It may work on older or less common browsers as well. If Archnet fails to work properly on your machine, please let us know about your experience by clicking the blue feedback button at bottom right!2. Will my URLs still work?Yes, as of October 12, 2021, all URLs from the old Archnet have been redirected to ARCHNET NEXT.&nbsp;&nbsp;3. How do I download a/n:&nbsp;<ul><li>image - Select the image you want to download from search results, a site or an authority. The image will open in your browser.&nbsp;Right click to download.&nbsp;For larger, high-resolution copies, see contact us using archnet@mit.edu.&nbsp;</li><li>publication - Open the page for the publication in your browser and click the download button. Reprinting Archnet publications is permissible only for personal use.&nbsp;Please contact us for any other requests.&nbsp;</li><li>site descriptions and metadata - Site descriptions and metadata can be used for any nonprofit or educational organization with appropriate attribution to the authors and Archnet.&nbsp;</li><li>video - Currently video downloads are not possible. If you'd like to use an Archnet video, please contact <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/terms" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Terms of Use</a> for information on how you can use Archnnet material.4. Can I contribute material to Archnet?&nbsp;Yes!&nbsp;See our <a href="https://www.archnet.org/pages/contribute" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Contribute</a> page for more information.&nbsp;Calls for specific contributions are also also shared in our social media and on the <a href="https://libraries.mit.edu/akdc/category/contributors/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">web site of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;5. What happened to the Archnet Timeline?&nbsp;Timeline has migrated into the ARCHNET NEXT Collections page&nbsp;<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/collection_type/3/1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">as a category</a>. These collections provide short introductions for each period, often offering lists of additional resources at the end of the entry. Only the timeline graphic listing the periods along a chronological axis has not migrated.6. My question isn't here.&nbsp;How can I get help?&nbsp;If your issue is with using Archnet, use the blue Feedback button to alert us to your issue. This will allow you to include a screenshot or recording. Please, also, feel free to contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>We are currently developing the help section of ARCHNET NEXT. In the meantime, please use the blue Feedback button in ARCHNET NEXT to send us feedback or other questions. Contact us at <a href="mailto:archnet@mit.edu" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">archnet@mit.edu</a>.&nbsp;

Need help?

Welcome to ARCHNET, an Open Access, intellectual resource focused on the built environment of Muslim societies.Our mission:&nbsp;<ul><li>Facilitate excellence in scholarship, and professional work by providing ready access to quality, unique texts, and media focused on architecture, urbanism, environmental and landscape design, conservation issues, visual and material cultures, and related topics, both historically and in terms of contemporary best practices.</li><li>Enable teaching and learning in these domains by providing educators with reliable, effective pedagogical material and teaching aids.&nbsp;</li><li>Serve serves as a platform through which scholars, practitioners, and institutions can bring their work to new global audiences.&nbsp;</li><li>Promote intercultural understanding and dialogue through reliable, high-quality, peer-reviewed material on the diversity of, and pluralism within Muslim societies and the interaction between Islamic and other religious, cultural, and philosophical traditions.</li><li>Enable easy access to a wide variety of resources via a custom-built, web-based, mobile-friendly platform optimized to minimize financial, infrastructural, linguistic, and other barriers to access.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li></ul>Launched in 2002 after several years of development, ARCHNET is a pioneering digital resource that has proven a reliable authority on the built environment of Muslim societies, past, and present.&nbsp;ARCHNET is a partnership between the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1342" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Documentation Center, MIT Libraries </a>(AKDC@MIT) and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/1903" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture</a> (AKTC), with support from the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard and MIT. ARCHNET NEXT was developed by <a href="https://www.performantsoftware.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Performant Software Solutions</a>.

About

 Fès

https://admin.archnet.org/rails/active_storage/blobs/redirect/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaHBBMlV0QVE9PSIsImV4cCI6bnVsbCwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--a6a6936b4330d1fe95d2aaa15cd1ae43adf9cf5d/IMG29966.jpg

digital photograph

Al Qaraouiyine Rehabilitation

place

caravanserai

funduq

Morocco

Adjacent to the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/21370" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Funduq Chemmaine</a>, the pair are often referred to as the Funduq Shamma'in-Sbitriyyin.

https://admin.archnet.org/rails/active_storage/blobs/redirect/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaHBBNFdCQWc9PSIsImV4cCI6bnVsbCwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--d9a7734332fee3e172255b9135426e5c2f9f59b5/01_4902.jpg

IAA699656

Rehabilitation of Four Caranvanserais

Funduq al-Sbitriyyin

Foundouk Sbitriyine

Alternate transliteration

Funduq Chemmaine-Sbitriyine

Alternate

Foundouk Chemmaine-Sbitriyine

String-Makers Funduq

Translated

فندق الجلد

Funduq el-Jeld 

See: <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2366" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Marinid</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Marinids (Beni Marin, Merinids, or Merinides) were Zenata Berbers who fled west from the Hillalian invasion. They first appear in 1196/592 AH as supporters of the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Almohad/year/1130" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Almohads</a>, but in 1216/612 AH they began to take advantage of the weakening of the dynasty to establish control over what is now northern Morocco. Under the leadership of Emir Abu Yahya (1244-1258/641-655 AH) the Marinids consolidated their military strength and moral authority, the dynasty took control of the imperial cities of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3828" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Meknes</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3657" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Fes</a>, and Salé, and his successor, Abu Yaqub Yusuf (1258-1286/655-664 AH), put an end to the Almohad dynasty by taking the capital city of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3820" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Marrakech</a>&nbsp;in September 1269/Muharram/668. After defeating the Almohads, they sought to re-establish their empire. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Failed invasions of North Africa between 1260/658 and 1267/665 AH gave the Marinids a foothold in Spain, and by the end 14th century they had occupied Rota, Tarifa and Gibraltar. In 1337/738 AH they conquered the the Abdalwadid kingdom of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/4007" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tlemcen</a>&nbsp;and in 1347/748 AH by the defeat of the Hafsid empire in Ifriqiya, which gave them control of the Maghreb as far east as Tripoli. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Marinids founded Fes Jdid (the new Fes) as an administrative and military centre, and it was during their reign that Fes reached its apogee, ranking among the largest cities in the world at the time. It became an important intellectual center, and many of its more important monuments date to this period.&nbsp;Despite internal infighting, Abu Said Uthman II (1310–1331/ 710-731 AH) initiated huge construction projects across Morocco, most notably madrassas, built to create a dependent bureaucratic class that would undermine the power of the Sufi marabouts. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1340/740 AH they were defeated by a Portuguese-Castilian coalition in the Battle of Río Salado and forced to withdraw from Andalusia, retaining control only of Algeciras. In that same year a revolt of Arab tribes in southern Tunisia, made them lose some of their eastern territories. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1348/749 AH Abu al-Hasan was deposed by his son Abu Inan Faris, who tried to reconquer Algeria and Tunisia. He was strangled, in turn, by his vizir in 1358. After 1358 true power fell in the hands of the viziers and this period was marked by a rapid succession of Sultans. Supported and manipulated by foreign powers the powerful Viziers furthered the fragmentation of the state and precipitated the Marinids’ eclipse. The Marinids were increasingly perceived as decadent and their taxes excessive. This allowed competing powers to gradually whittle away at territory over the next 100 years. Marrakesh was lost to the Hafsids as early as 1359/760, and territories to the south claimed autonomy. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1401/803 AH Spanish forces invaded Tetouan in the north, and in 1415, the Portuguese took Ceuta. The inability of the Marinid state to ward off the foreign invaders weakened the prestige of the dynasty beyond repair. The last Marinid ruler, Sultan Abd al-Haqq (1420-1465/823-869 AH) was assassinated in 1465/869 AH. <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2691" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Michael A. Toler</a>

Marinid

Arabic: الوطاسيون, Transliterated: al-waṭṭāsīyūnAlternate Arabic: بنى وطاس&nbsp;, Transliterated: Beni WattasTamazight: ⵉⵡⵟⵟⴰⵙⵏ, Transliterated: IwṭṭasnFrench: Wattasside “Qantara - Les Mérinides Et Les Wattasides (1196-1549).” n.d. Qantara. Accessed August 29, 2022.&nbsp;https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=604. Archived at:<a href=" https://perma.cc/5P34-9ERC" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> https://perma.cc/5P34-9ERC</a>.

Funduq al-SbitriyyinFes, Morocco

Funduq al-Sbitriyyin
Fes, Morocco